[ { "id": "S-001", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Lost at Sea: Where Is All the Plastic?", "authors": [ "Thompson RC", "Olsen Y", "Mitchell RP", "Davis A", "Rowland SJ", "John AWG", "McGonigle D", "Russell AE" ], "year": 2004, "journal_or_publisher": "Science", "doi": "10.1126/science.1094559", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1094559", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "global", "water" ], "topics": [ "definition", "history", "landmark", "occurrence" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Coins the term 'microplastics'; archived plankton samples show microscopic plastic increasing since the 1960s. Timeline anchor for 2004.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-002", "type": "standard", "title": "ISO/TR 21960:2020 Plastics — Environmental aspects — State of knowledge and methodologies", "authors": [ "ISO/TC 61/SC 14" ], "year": 2020, "journal_or_publisher": "International Organization for Standardization", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.iso.org/standard/72300.html", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "definition", "standards", "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "Technical report widely cited for plastic size classes and harmonised sampling/analysis steps; paywalled, confirm exact class boundaries from the text before quoting; indoor and health aspects out of scope.", "verified_doi": false, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Wayback capture 20260908164352 (live HTTP 403)" }, { "id": "S-003", "type": "standard", "title": "ISO 24187:2023 Principles for the analysis of microplastics present in the environment", "authors": [ "ISO/TC 61/SC 14" ], "year": 2023, "journal_or_publisher": "International Organization for Standardization", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.iso.org/standard/78033.html", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "definition", "standards", "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "Published Sept 2023 (also EN ISO 24187:2023); sets a particle size classification and minimum requirements for sampling and sample preparation until matrix-specific standards exist. Paywalled; verify the nano class wording in the text.", "verified_doi": false, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Wayback capture 20261019044336 (live HTTP 403)" }, { "id": "S-004", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Current opinion: What is a nanoplastic?", "authors": [ "Gigault J", "ter Halle A", "Baudrimont M", "Pascal PY", "Gauffre F", "Phi TL", "El Hadri H", "Grassl B", "et al." ], "year": 2018, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Pollution", "doi": "10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.024", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "definition" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Gigault et al. 'What is a nanoplastic?': proposes 1–1000 nm, unintentionally produced, colloidal behaviour; the main counter-definition to the <100 nm engineered-nanomaterial convention.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-005", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Are We Speaking the Same Language? Recommendations for a Definition and Categorization Framework for Plastic Debris", "authors": [ "Hartmann NB", "Hüffer T", "Thompson RC", "Hassellöv M", "Verschoor A", "Daugaard AE", "Rist S", "Karlsson T", "et al." ], "year": 2019, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science & Technology", "doi": "10.1021/acs.est.8b05297", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b05297", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "definition" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Hartmann et al. categorisation framework (composition, solid state, solubility, size, shape, colour, origin); nano = 1 to <1000 nm. Best single source for 'what counts as plastic debris'.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-006", "type": "report", "title": "A Scientific Perspective on Microplastics in Nature and Society (Evidence Review Report No. 4)", "authors": [ "SAPEA (Science Advice for Policy by European Academies)", "Koelmans B", "Pahl S", "Backhaus T" ], "year": 2019, "journal_or_publisher": "SAPEA, Berlin", "doi": "10.26356/microplastics", "url": "https://doi.org/10.26356/microplastics", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global", "human" ], "topics": [ "health", "exposure", "definition", "policy", "gaps" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "European academies' evidence review: 'no widespread risk except in small pockets', but evidence limited and could change. DOI resolves via doi.org (non-Crossref registrant), so verified_doi stays false.", "verified_doi": false, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "doi.org resolves (registration agency mEDRA; not in Crossref)", "doi_agency": "mEDRA" }, { "id": "S-007", "type": "report", "title": "Microplastics in drinking-water", "authors": [ "World Health Organization" ], "year": 2019, "journal_or_publisher": "World Health Organization, Geneva", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241516198", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water", "human" ], "topics": [ "exposure", "health", "measurement", "treatment", "gaps" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "WHO 2019: no evidence of health concern at reported drinking-water levels but data very limited, especially for nanoplastics; conventional treatment removes most particles >1 µm. Calls for standardised methods.", "verified_doi": false, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-008", "type": "report", "title": "Dietary and inhalation exposure to nano- and microplastic particles and potential implications for human health", "authors": [ "World Health Organization" ], "year": 2022, "journal_or_publisher": "World Health Organization, Geneva", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240054608", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human", "air", "water" ], "topics": [ "exposure", "health", "toxicology", "gaps" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "WHO 2022 assessment of food and air exposure; concludes data insufficient for human risk assessment, and flags poor quality of many exposure studies.", "verified_doi": false, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-009", "type": "report", "title": "Presence of microplastics and nanoplastics in food, with particular focus on seafood", "authors": [ "EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM)" ], "year": 2016, "journal_or_publisher": "EFSA Journal", "doi": "10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4501", "url": "https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4501", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human", "water" ], "topics": [ "exposure", "health", "toxicology" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "EFSA CONTAM Panel statement on micro- and nanoplastics in food (seafood focus); notes no data on nanoplastic occurrence in food; first EU food-safety body position.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-010", "type": "report", "title": "From Pollution to Solution: A global assessment of marine litter and plastic pollution", "authors": [ "United Nations Environment Programme" ], "year": 2021, "journal_or_publisher": "UNEP, Nairobi", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.unep.org/resources/pollution-solution-global-assessment-marine-litter-and-plastic-pollution", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global", "water" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "sources", "policy", "health" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "UNEP global assessment that framed the treaty process; good for scale of leakage and for policy levers. Website blocks automated checks (403) but is the official landing page.", "verified_doi": false, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Wayback capture 20261006054138 (live HTTP 403)" }, { "id": "S-011", "type": "report", "title": "Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options", "authors": [ "OECD" ], "year": 2022, "journal_or_publisher": "OECD Publishing", "doi": "10.1787/de747aef-en", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1787/de747aef-en", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "sources", "mass-budget", "scenario-model", "policy", "numbers" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "OECD Global Plastics Outlook 2022 (Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options): ~460 Mt produced and ~22 Mt leaked in 2019; stocks of ~109 Mt in rivers and ~30 Mt in oceans. Used by the site's CONTEXT values; modelled estimates. Primary checked 4 November 2026 (full report PDF, oecd.org): 460 Mt produced in 2019; 22 Mt leaked to the environment in 2019, macroplastics 88% and microplastics 12%; 6.1 Mt leaked to rivers, lakes and the ocean, 1.7 Mt flowed into the ocean; accumulated stocks 109 Mt in rivers and 30 Mt in the ocean (139 Mt in aquatic environments), all for 2019 and modelled (Executive summary, PDF p. 16; section 1.3.3, PDF p. 23; PDF p. 34). The 30 Mt is all accumulated plastic (mostly macroplastic), not floating microplastic.", "verified_doi": true, "pdf_url": "https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2022/02/global-plastics-outlook_a653d1c9/de747aef-en.pdf", "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-012", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Predicted growth in plastic waste exceeds efforts to mitigate plastic pollution", "authors": [ "Borrelle SB", "Ringma J", "Law KL", "Monnahan CC", "Lebreton L", "McGivern A", "Murphy E", "Jambeck J", "et al." ], "year": 2020, "journal_or_publisher": "Science", "doi": "10.1126/science.aba3656", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba3656", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "global", "water" ], "topics": [ "sources", "scenario-model", "policy" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Borrelle et al.: 19–23 Mt of plastic waste entered aquatic ecosystems in 2016; current commitments insufficient. Model with wide uncertainty.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-013", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Evaluating scenarios toward zero plastic pollution", "authors": [ "Lau WWY", "Shiran Y", "Bailey RM", "Cook E", "Stuchtey MR", "Koskella J", "Velis CA", "Godfrey L", "et al." ], "year": 2020, "journal_or_publisher": "Science", "doi": "10.1126/science.aba9475", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba9475", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "scenario-model", "policy", "solutions" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Lau et al.: system-change scenario cuts plastic pollution ~80% by 2040 vs business as usual, yet large flows remain. Scenario model.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-014", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean", "authors": [ "Jambeck JR", "Geyer R", "Wilcox C", "Siegler TR", "Perryman M", "Andrady A", "Narayan R", "Law KL" ], "year": 2015, "journal_or_publisher": "Science", "doi": "10.1126/science.1260352", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1260352", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "global", "water" ], "topics": [ "sources", "landmark", "mass-budget" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Jambeck et al.: 4.8–12.7 Mt of plastic entered the ocean from land in 2010 (192 coastal countries). Landmark flux estimate, later refined.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-015", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made", "authors": [ "Geyer R", "Jambeck JR", "Law KL" ], "year": 2017, "journal_or_publisher": "Science Advances", "doi": "10.1126/sciadv.1700782", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700782", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "sources", "landmark", "mass-budget" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Geyer, Jambeck & Law: 8,300 Mt of virgin plastic produced to 2015; ~79% accumulated in landfills or the environment. Landmark material-flow analysis.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-016", "type": "review", "title": "Risk assessment of microplastic particles", "authors": [ "Koelmans AA", "Redondo-Hasselerharm PE", "Nor NHM", "de Ruijter VN", "Mintenig SM", "Kooi M" ], "year": 2022, "journal_or_publisher": "Nature Reviews Materials", "doi": "10.1038/s41578-021-00411-y", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-021-00411-y", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "global", "human" ], "topics": [ "health", "toxicology", "measurement", "numbers" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Koelmans et al. risk-assessment framework for microplastic particles (probabilistic size/shape distributions, ecological and human health). Explains why particle counts are not comparable across size ranges.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-017", "type": "review", "title": "Placing nanoplastics in the context of global plastic pollution", "authors": [ "Mitrano DM", "Wick P", "Nowack B" ], "year": 2021, "journal_or_publisher": "Nature Nanotechnology", "doi": "10.1038/s41565-021-00888-2", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-021-00888-2", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "definition", "fate", "measurement", "gaps" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Mitrano, Wick & Nowack: nanoplastics in the context of global plastic pollution; formation, fate, measurement limits; key framing review for the definition unit.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-018", "type": "review", "title": "The global threat from plastic pollution", "authors": [ "MacLeod M", "Arp HPH", "Tekman MB", "Jahnke A" ], "year": 2021, "journal_or_publisher": "Science", "doi": "10.1126/science.abg5433", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abg5433", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "fate", "policy" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "MacLeod et al.: plastic pollution is a poorly reversible global threat because emissions outpace removal and fragmentation continues. Good for 'why prevention, not clean-up'.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-019", "type": "review", "title": "Plastics in the Earth system", "authors": [ "Stubbins A", "Law KL", "Muñoz SE", "Bianchi TS", "Zhu L" ], "year": 2021, "journal_or_publisher": "Science", "doi": "10.1126/science.abb0354", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb0354", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "global", "air", "water", "soil" ], "topics": [ "fate", "transport", "mass-budget" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Stubbins et al. 'Plastics in the Earth system': plastic cycle across atmosphere, ocean, soils, sediments; supports the Flows & Model unit.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-020", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Outside the Safe Operating Space of the Planetary Boundary for Novel Entities", "authors": [ "Persson L", "Carney Almroth BM", "Collins CD", "Cornell S", "de Wit CA", "Diamond ML", "Fantke P", "Hassellöv M", "et al." ], "year": 2022, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science & Technology", "doi": "10.1021/acs.est.1c04158", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c04158", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "policy", "scenario-model" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Persson et al.: novel entities (including plastics) exceed the planetary-boundary safe operating space. Expert-judgement framework, contested as a metric.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-021", "type": "review", "title": "Twenty years of microplastic pollution research—what have we learned?", "authors": [ "Thompson RC", "Courtene-Jones W", "Boucher J", "Pahl S", "Raubenheimer K", "Koelmans AA" ], "year": 2024, "journal_or_publisher": "Science", "doi": "10.1126/science.adl2746", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adl2746", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "global", "air", "water", "soil", "human" ], "topics": [ "landmark", "history", "occurrence", "health", "policy", "gaps" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "Thompson et al. 2024 'Twenty years of microplastic pollution research': the best single overview of what is established and what is not. Anchor for landmarks, gaps and evidence-status units.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-022", "type": "review", "title": "The Minderoo-Monaco Commission on Plastics and Human Health", "authors": [ "Landrigan PJ", "Raps H", "Cropper M", "Bald C", "Brunner M", "Canonizado EM", "Charles D", "Chiles TC", "et al." ], "year": 2023, "journal_or_publisher": "Annals of Global Health", "doi": "10.5334/aogh.4056", "url": "https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.4056", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human", "global" ], "topics": [ "health", "toxicology", "policy" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Minderoo-Monaco Commission on Plastics and Human Health (2023): health harms across the plastic life cycle; strong on chemicals, more cautious on particles.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-023", "type": "review", "title": "The Lancet Countdown on health and plastics", "authors": [ "Landrigan PJ", "Dunlop S", "Treskova M", "Raps H", "Symeonides C", "Muncke J", "Spring M", "Stegeman J", "et al." ], "year": 2025, "journal_or_publisher": "The Lancet", "doi": "10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01447-3", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01447-3", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "human", "global" ], "topics": [ "health", "policy" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "The Lancet Countdown on health and plastics (2025). Two 'Department of Error' notices are linked in Crossref (10.1016/s0140-6736(25)01772-6, 10.1016/s0140-6736(25)02125-7); check them before quoting numbers.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-024", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Characterisation of nanoplastics during the degradation of polystyrene", "authors": [ "Lambert S", "Wagner M" ], "year": 2016, "journal_or_publisher": "Chemosphere", "doi": "10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.078", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.078", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "definition", "fate", "degradation" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Lambert & Wagner: polystyrene degradation releases nanoscale particles in the lab; early experimental evidence that nanoplastics form from larger plastics.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-025", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Environmental Degradation of Microplastics: How to Measure Fragmentation Rates to Secondary Micro- and Nanoplastic Fragments and Dissociation into Dissolved Organics", "authors": [ "Pfohl P", "Wagner M", "Meyer L", "Domercq P", "Praetorius A", "Hüffer T", "Hofmann T", "Wohlleben W" ], "year": 2022, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science & Technology", "doi": "10.1021/acs.est.2c01228", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c01228", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "fate", "degradation", "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Pfohl et al.: how to measure fragmentation into secondary micro/nanoplastics and dissolved organics; useful for 'where nanoplastics come from' and its uncertainty.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-026", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Simplifying Microplastic via Continuous Probability Distributions for Size, Shape, and Density", "authors": [ "Kooi M", "Koelmans AA" ], "year": 2019, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science & Technology Letters", "doi": "10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00379", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00379", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "measurement", "numbers" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Kooi & Koelmans: continuous size/shape/density distributions; basis for rescaling counts between size ranges. Key for 'How to Read the Numbers'.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-027", "type": "review", "title": "Chemical Analysis of Microplastics and Nanoplastics: Challenges, Advanced Methods, and Perspectives", "authors": [ "Ivleva NP" ], "year": 2021, "journal_or_publisher": "Chemical Reviews", "doi": "10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00178", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00178", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Ivleva 2021 Chem Rev: comprehensive review of Raman, FTIR, py-GC/MS, TED-GC/MS and nano methods with their size limits. Primary anchor for the measurement unit.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-028", "type": "review", "title": "Methods for the analysis of submicrometer- and nanoplastic particles in the environment", "authors": [ "Schwaferts C", "Niessner R", "Elsner M", "Ivleva NP" ], "year": 2019, "journal_or_publisher": "TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry", "doi": "10.1016/j.trac.2018.12.014", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2018.12.014", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Schwaferts et al.: methods for submicrometre and nanoplastic analysis (FFF, DLS, Raman, py-GC/MS, SEM); clear table of what each method can and cannot see.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-029", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Reporting Guidelines to Increase the Reproducibility and Comparability of Research on Microplastics", "authors": [ "Cowger W", "Booth AM", "Hamilton BM", "Thaysen C", "Primpke S", "Munno K", "Lusher AL", "Dehaut A", "et al." ], "year": 2020, "journal_or_publisher": "Applied Spectroscopy", "doi": "10.1177/0003702820930292", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0003702820930292", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "measurement", "standards", "numbers" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Cowger et al.: reporting guidelines (sampling, QA/QC, blanks, size limits) for comparability. A corrigendum exists (10.1177/0003702820969295).", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-030", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Simultaneous Trace Identification and Quantification of Common Types of Microplastics in Environmental Samples by Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry", "authors": [ "Fischer M", "Scholz-Böttcher BM" ], "year": 2017, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science & Technology", "doi": "10.1021/acs.est.6b06362", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b06362", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Fischer & Scholz-Böttcher: py-GC/MS identification and mass quantification of common polymers; method basis for mass-based numbers (µg/g, µg/mL).", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-031", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Micro- and Nanoplastics in Alpine Snow: A New Method for Chemical Identification and (Semi)Quantification in the Nanogram Range", "authors": [ "Materić D", "Kasper-Giebl A", "Kau D", "Anten M", "Greilinger M", "Ludewig E", "van Sebille E", "Röckmann T", "et al." ], "year": 2020, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science & Technology", "doi": "10.1021/acs.est.9b07540", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b07540", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "air", "global" ], "topics": [ "measurement", "occurrence" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Materić et al.: TD-PTR-MS method for nanogram-level micro/nanoplastic quantification, applied to Alpine snow. Origin of the TD-PTR-MS nano workflow.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-032", "type": "journal-article", "title": "A Novel Strategy for the Detection and Quantification of Nanoplastics by Single Particle Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)", "authors": [ "Jiménez-Lamana J", "Marigliano L", "Allouche J", "Grassl B", "Szpunar J", "Reynaud S" ], "year": 2020, "journal_or_publisher": "Analytical Chemistry", "doi": "10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01536", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01536", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Jiménez-Lamana et al.: single-particle ICP-MS strategy for nanoplastics (via carbon/metal signals); single-particle method example with lab-only validation.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-033", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Rapid single-particle chemical imaging of nanoplastics by SRS microscopy", "authors": [ "Qian N", "Gao X", "Lang X", "Deng H", "Bratu TM", "Chen Q", "Stapleton P", "Yan B", "et al." ], "year": 2024, "journal_or_publisher": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", "doi": "10.1073/pnas.2300582121", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2300582121", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "water", "human" ], "topics": [ "measurement", "occurrence", "dispute", "numbers" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Qian et al. 2024 SRS imaging: ~2.4×10^5 particles/L (range ~1.1–3.7×10^5) in bottled water, ~90% nanoplastics; 3 brands, 7 target polymers, ~100 nm floor. Method demonstration; see warnings in sources-notes.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-034", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Identification and Quantification of Nanoplastics in Surface Water and Groundwater by Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry", "authors": [ "Xu Y", "Ou Q", "Jiao M", "Liu G", "van der Hoek JP" ], "year": 2022, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science & Technology", "doi": "10.1021/acs.est.1c07377", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c07377", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "measurement", "occurrence" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Xu et al. 2022: py-GC/MS identification and mass quantification of nanoplastics in surface water and groundwater; one of the first environmental nanoplastic mass data sets.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-035", "type": "review", "title": "Micro- and nanoplastics in the environment: a comprehensive review on detection techniques", "authors": [ "Santos FA", "Andre RS", "Alvarenga AD", "Alves ALMM", "Correa DS" ], "year": 2025, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science: Nano", "doi": "10.1039/d4en00319e", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1039/d4en00319e", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Santos et al. 2025 review of detection techniques for micro- and nanoplastics; recent overview of limits of detection and matrix interference.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-036", "type": "review", "title": "A comprehensive toolkit for micro- to nanoplastic analysis", "authors": [ "Hossain R", "Sahajwalla V" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science: Nano", "doi": "10.1039/d5en00856e", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1039/d5en00856e", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Hossain & Sahajwalla 2026 'toolkit' review: mass-based vs particle-based vs imaging methods (incl. AFM-IR, nano-FTIR, ToF-SIMS); argues no single technique suffices.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-037", "type": "journal-article", "title": "An interlaboratory comparison exercise for the determination of microplastics in standard sample bottles", "authors": [ "Isobe A", "Buenaventura NT", "Chastain S", "Chavanich S", "Cózar A", "DeLorenzo M", "Hagmann P", "Hinata H", "et al." ], "year": 2019, "journal_or_publisher": "Marine Pollution Bulletin", "doi": "10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.07.033", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.07.033", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "measurement", "dispute", "numbers" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Isobe et al. interlaboratory comparison (12 labs, standard sample bottles): large between-lab differences, especially for small particles. Evidence for 'why numbers disagree'.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-038", "type": "report", "title": "Current status of the quantification of microplastics in water: Results of a JRC/BAM interlaboratory comparison study on PET in water", "authors": [ "Cella C", "Emteborg H", "Belz S", "Bianchi I", "Fumagalli FS", "Geiss O", "Gilliland D", "Held A", "et al." ], "year": 2021, "journal_or_publisher": "Publications Office of the European Union (JRC Technical Report, EUR 30799 EN)", "doi": "10.2760/6228", "url": "https://doi.org/10.2760/6228", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "measurement", "standards", "dispute", "numbers" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "JRC/BAM interlaboratory study on PET microplastics in water; documents spread between labs and methods. DOI resolves via doi.org to the EU Publications Office record (non-Crossref), so verified_doi stays false.", "verified_doi": false, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "doi.org resolves (registration agency OP; not in Crossref)", "doi_agency": "OP" }, { "id": "S-039", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Monitoring microplastics in drinking water: An interlaboratory study to inform effective methods for quantifying and characterizing microplastics", "authors": [ "De Frond H", "Thornton Hampton L", "Kotar S", "Gesulga K", "Matuch C", "Lao W", "Weisberg SB", "Wong CS", "et al." ], "year": 2022, "journal_or_publisher": "Chemosphere", "doi": "10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134282", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134282", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "measurement", "standards", "dispute", "numbers" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "De Frond et al.: interlaboratory study for drinking-water microplastic methods (California SB 1422 context); recovery poorer for small particles.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-040", "type": "standard", "title": "ISO 16094-2:2025 Water quality — Analysis of microplastic in water — Part 2: Vibrational spectroscopy methods for waters with low content of suspended solids including drinking water", "authors": [ "ISO/TC 147/SC 2" ], "year": 2025, "journal_or_publisher": "International Organization for Standardization", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.iso.org/standard/84460.html", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "standards", "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "Published Sept 2025; microscopy + vibrational spectroscopy for low-solids waters (drinking water, groundwater), particles roughly 1–5000 µm per listings. Title corrected 4 November 2026 to the official wording (fix-measurement); nanoplastics not covered.", "verified_doi": false, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Wayback capture 20261022112923 (live HTTP 403)" }, { "id": "S-041", "type": "standard", "title": "ISO/FDIS 16094-3 Water quality — Analysis of microplastic in water — Part 3: Thermo-analytical methods", "authors": [ "ISO/TC 147/SC 2" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "International Organization for Standardization", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.iso.org/standard/84463.html", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "standards", "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Draft standard, not published: FDIS registered 18 May 2026 (stage 50.00); FDIS ballot started 15 September 2026 (stage 50.20); not published on 4 November 2026 (national listing, S-324). Polymer type and mass by thermo-analysis; gives no particle size or counts.", "verified_doi": false, "status": "FDIS ballot (stage 50.20) since 15 September 2026; not published", "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Wayback capture 20261018102900 (live HTTP 403)" }, { "id": "S-042", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Assessing the Efficacy of Pyrolysis–Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry for Nanoplastic and Microplastic Analysis in Human Blood", "authors": [ "Rauert C", "Charlton N", "Bagley A", "Dunlop SA", "Symeonides C", "Thomas KV" ], "year": 2025, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science & Technology", "doi": "10.1021/acs.est.4c12599", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c12599", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "measurement", "dispute" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Rauert et al. 2025: py-GC/MS currently unsuitable for PE and PVC in blood because lipids and other matrix compounds create interfering pyrolysis products. Core source for the 2025–2026 reliability debate.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-043", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Advancing pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the accurate quantification of micro- and nanoplastics in human blood", "authors": [ "Nardella F", "Brits M", "van Velzen MJM", "Scibetta L", "Durkin A", "Vermeulen R", "Béen F", "Brandsma SH", "et al." ], "year": 2025, "journal_or_publisher": "Microplastics and Nanoplastics", "doi": "10.1186/s43591-025-00152-7", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s43591-025-00152-7", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Nardella et al. 2025 (Leslie/Lamoree group): improved py-GC/MS workflow for micro- and nanoplastics in blood; methodological follow-up to Leslie 2022.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-044", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Communicating Confidence in the Reliability of Micro- and Nanoplastic Identification in Human Health Studies", "authors": [ "Thomas KV", "Belz S", "Booth AM", "Clift MJD", "Cross RK", "Davies G", "Dirven H", "Dunlop S", "et al." ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Environment & Health", "doi": "10.1021/envhealth.5c00671", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/envhealth.5c00671", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "measurement", "standards", "dispute", "gaps" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Thomas et al. 2026 (UQ/Imperial, 30 authors): forensic-style framework for communicating confidence in MNP identification in human studies; recommends ≥2 orthogonal methods, blanks, raw data.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-045", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Challenges in studying microplastics in human brain", "authors": [ "Abdolahpur Monikh F", "Materić D", "Valsami-Jones E", "Grossart HP", "Altmann K", "Holzinger R", "Lynch I", "Stubenrauch J", "et al." ], "year": 2025, "journal_or_publisher": "Nature Medicine", "doi": "10.1038/s41591-025-04045-3", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-025-04045-3", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "dispute", "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "D", "note": "Monikh, Materić et al. Matters Arising (Nat Med, published online 13 November 2025; December 2025 issue) on the brain study: KOH digestion of lipid-rich tissue, PE dominance and py-GC/MS specificity questioned. Cite together with the reply (S-046).", "verified_doi": true, "published_online": "2025-11-13", "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-046", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Reply to: Challenges in studying microplastics in human brain", "authors": [ "Campen MJ", "West AB", "Garcia M", "Gullapalli R", "El Hayek E" ], "year": 2025, "journal_or_publisher": "Nature Medicine", "doi": "10.1038/s41591-025-04046-2", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-025-04046-2", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "dispute" ], "evidence_hint": "D", "note": "Campen et al. reply to the Matters Arising on brain microplastics; the authors acknowledge method uncertainties and address digestion, phospholipid interference and QC. Show both sides.", "verified_doi": true, "published_online": "2025-11-13", "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-047", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Mass quantification of nanoplastics at wastewater treatment plants by pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry", "authors": [ "Okoffo ED", "Thomas KV" ], "year": 2024, "journal_or_publisher": "Water Research", "doi": "10.1016/j.watres.2024.121397", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.121397", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "measurement", "treatment" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Okoffo & Thomas 2024: mass quantification of nanoplastics in wastewater treatment plants by py-GC/MS; influent vs effluent nano mass.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-048", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Atmospheric transport and deposition of microplastics in a remote mountain catchment", "authors": [ "Allen S", "Allen D", "Phoenix VR", "Le Roux G", "Durántez Jiménez P", "Simonneau A", "Binet S", "Galop D" ], "year": 2019, "journal_or_publisher": "Nature Geoscience", "doi": "10.1038/s41561-019-0335-5", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0335-5", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "air" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "transport", "landmark" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Allen et al. 2019: atmospheric microplastic deposition at a remote Pyrenees catchment (~365 particles/m²/day), transport ≥95 km. An Author Correction exists (10.1038/s41561-019-0409-4).", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-049", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Plastic rain in protected areas of the United States", "authors": [ "Brahney J", "Hallerud M", "Heim E", "Hahnenberger M", "Sukumaran S" ], "year": 2020, "journal_or_publisher": "Science", "doi": "10.1126/science.aaz5819", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz5819", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "air" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "transport", "landmark" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Brahney et al. 2020 'Plastic rain': >1,000 t/yr of microplastic deposited on US protected areas (wet and dry deposition). Landmark for the atmosphere unit.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-050", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Constraining the atmospheric limb of the plastic cycle", "authors": [ "Brahney J", "Mahowald N", "Prank M", "Cornwell G", "Klimont Z", "Matsui H", "Prather KA" ], "year": 2021, "journal_or_publisher": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", "doi": "10.1073/pnas.2020719118", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020719118", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "air", "water" ], "topics": [ "transport", "sources", "scenario-model" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Brahney et al. 2021: model attributes most atmospheric microplastic to roads, ocean spray and agricultural dust; constrains the atmospheric limb of the plastic cycle. Model, later challenged.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-051", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Atmospheric transport is a major pathway of microplastics to remote regions", "authors": [ "Evangeliou N", "Grythe H", "Klimont Z", "Heyes C", "Eckhardt S", "Lopez-Aparicio S", "Stohl A" ], "year": 2020, "journal_or_publisher": "Nature Communications", "doi": "10.1038/s41467-020-17201-9", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17201-9", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "air" ], "topics": [ "transport", "sources", "scenario-model" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Evangeliou et al. 2020: tyre- and brake-wear particles transported to remote regions incl. Arctic; model estimates of deposition.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-052", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Atmospheric microplastic emissions from land and ocean", "authors": [ "Evangelou I", "Bucci S", "Stohl A" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Nature", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-025-09998-6", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09998-6", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "air", "water" ], "topics": [ "sources", "transport", "scenario-model", "dispute" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "ALREADY ON SITE. Evangelou et al. 2026 Nature 'Atmospheric microplastic emissions from land and ocean': large gaps between earlier emission models and measurements; calls for better small-particle measurements.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-053", "type": "review", "title": "Microplastics and nanoplastics in the marine-atmosphere environment", "authors": [ "Allen D", "Allen S", "Abbasi S", "Baker A", "Bergmann M", "Brahney J", "Butler T", "Duce RA", "et al." ], "year": 2022, "journal_or_publisher": "Nature Reviews Earth & Environment", "doi": "10.1038/s43017-022-00292-x", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-022-00292-x", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "air", "water" ], "topics": [ "transport", "fate" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Allen et al. 2022 Nat Rev Earth Environ: micro- and nanoplastics in the marine–atmosphere exchange; ocean as source and sink.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-054", "type": "review", "title": "Potential impacts of atmospheric microplastics and nanoplastics on cloud formation processes", "authors": [ "Aeschlimann M", "Li G", "Kanji ZA", "Mitrano DM" ], "year": 2022, "journal_or_publisher": "Nature Geoscience", "doi": "10.1038/s41561-022-01051-9", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-022-01051-9", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "air" ], "topics": [ "fate", "climate" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Aeschlimann, Li, Kanji & Mitrano 2022: potential effects of airborne micro/nanoplastics on cloud formation (ice nucleation); perspective with lab evidence.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-055", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Direct radiative effects of airborne microplastics", "authors": [ "Revell LE", "Kuma P", "Le Ru EC", "Somerville WRC", "Gaw S" ], "year": 2021, "journal_or_publisher": "Nature", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-021-03864-x", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03864-x", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "air" ], "topics": [ "fate", "climate" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Revell et al. 2021: direct radiative effect of airborne microplastics is small at current concentrations but could grow; does not include nanoplastics.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-056", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Nanoplastics transport to the remote, high-altitude Alps", "authors": [ "Materić D", "Ludewig E", "Brunner D", "Röckmann T", "Holzinger R" ], "year": 2021, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Pollution", "doi": "10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117697", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117697", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "air" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "transport", "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Materić et al. 2021: nanoplastics in high-altitude Alpine snow (Sonnblick) quantified by TD-PTR-MS; evidence of long-range nano transport.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-057", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Nanoplastics measurements in Northern and Southern polar ice", "authors": [ "Materić D", "Kjær HA", "Vallelonga P", "Tison JL", "Röckmann T", "Holzinger R" ], "year": 2022, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Research", "doi": "10.1016/j.envres.2022.112741", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.112741", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "air", "water" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Materić et al. 2022: nanoplastics in Greenland firn and Antarctic sea ice by TD-PTR-MS; polar presence of nanoplastics.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-058", "type": "journal-article", "title": "White and wonderful? Microplastics prevail in snow from the Alps to the Arctic", "authors": [ "Bergmann M", "Mützel S", "Primpke S", "Tekman MB", "Trachsel J", "Gerdts G" ], "year": 2019, "journal_or_publisher": "Science Advances", "doi": "10.1126/sciadv.aax1157", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax1157", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "air" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "transport" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Bergmann et al. 2019: microplastics in snow from the Alps to the Arctic; atmospheric transport and deposition.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-059", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Quantification of the Emission of Atmospheric Microplastics and Nanoplastics via Sea Spray", "authors": [ "Harb C", "Pokhrel N", "Foroutan H" ], "year": 2023, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science & Technology Letters", "doi": "10.1021/acs.estlett.3c00164", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.3c00164", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "air", "water" ], "topics": [ "sources", "transport", "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Harb et al. 2023: lab quantification of micro- and nanoplastic emission via sea spray.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-060", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Overlooked Emission of Polystyrene Nanoplastics through Sea Spray Aerosol", "authors": [ "Liao WM", "Yang HM", "Qie K", "Lian L", "Yu P", "Jiang L", "Wu CC", "Ma N", "et al." ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science & Technology Letters", "doi": "10.1021/acs.estlett.6c00395", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.6c00395", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "air", "water" ], "topics": [ "sources", "transport" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Liao et al. 2026: 'overlooked' emission of polystyrene nanoplastics through sea spray aerosol; very recent single study, check details before use.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-061", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Composition, interactions and resulting inhalation risk of micro- and nano-plastics in urban air", "authors": [ "Kaushik A", "Peter AE", "van Pinxteren M", "Scholz-Böttcher BM", "Herrmann H" ], "year": 2025, "journal_or_publisher": "Communications Earth & Environment", "doi": "10.1038/s43247-025-02980-0", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02980-0", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "air", "human" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "exposure", "sources", "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Kaushik et al. (TROPOS) 2025: size-resolved MNPs in Leipzig street air by py-GC/MS; plastics ~4% of PM, tyre wear ~65% of plastic; modelled inhalation ~2.1 µg/day. Two weeks, one street.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-062", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Airborne microplastics on the move: Urban Europe as a source to remote regions", "authors": [ "Herzke D", "Schmidt N", "Lervik AE", "Schulze D", "Celentano S", "Eckhardt S", "Arp HPH", "Evangeliou N" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Pollution", "doi": "10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127380", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127380", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "air" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "transport", "sources" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Herzke et al. (NILU) 2026: airborne microplastics at urban and remote Norwegian/Arctic sites by py-GC/MS; tyre wear dominates urban airborne plastic mass; urban Europe as source to remote regions.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-063", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Human exposure to PM10 microplastics in indoor air", "authors": [ "Yakovenko N", "Pérez-Serrano L", "Segur T", "Hagelskjaer O", "Margenat H", "Le Roux G", "Sonke JE" ], "year": 2025, "journal_or_publisher": "PLOS One", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0328011", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0328011", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "air", "human" ], "topics": [ "exposure", "occurrence" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Yakovenko et al. 2025: PM10 (1–10 µm) microplastics in home and car-cabin air (Toulouse); source of the site's 528 and 2,238 particles/m³ CONTEXT values (confirm figures in paper). Small sample.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-064", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Plastic Pollution in the World's Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea", "authors": [ "Eriksen M", "Lebreton LCM", "Carson HS", "Thiel M", "Moore CJ", "Borerro JC", "Galgani F", "Ryan PG", "et al." ], "year": 2014, "journal_or_publisher": "PLoS ONE", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0111913", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111913", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "mass-budget", "landmark" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Eriksen et al. 2014: >5.25 trillion floating particles weighing >250,000 t; microplastics under-represented relative to expectation ('missing plastic').", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-065", "type": "journal-article", "title": "A growing plastic smog, now estimated to be over 170 trillion plastic particles afloat in the world’s oceans—Urgent solutions required", "authors": [ "Eriksen M", "Cowger W", "Erdle LM", "Coffin S", "Villarrubia-Gómez P", "Moore CJ", "Carpenter EJ", "Day RH", "et al." ], "year": 2023, "journal_or_publisher": "PLOS ONE", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0281596", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281596", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "mass-budget" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Eriksen et al. 2023: ~82–358 trillion floating particles ('>170 trillion') in 2019, rapid rise since 2005. Floating surface only, net-sized particles.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-066", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Nanoplastic in the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre", "authors": [ "Ter Halle A", "Jeanneau L", "Martignac M", "Jardé E", "Pedrono B", "Brach L", "Gigault J" ], "year": 2017, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science & Technology", "doi": "10.1021/acs.est.7b03667", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b03667", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "measurement", "landmark" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Ter Halle et al. 2017: first evidence of nanoplastics in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre (py-GC/MS). Landmark for nano in the ocean; qualitative.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-067", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Nanoplastic concentrations across the North Atlantic", "authors": [ "ten Hietbrink S", "Materić D", "Holzinger R", "Groeskamp S", "Niemann H" ], "year": 2025, "journal_or_publisher": "Nature", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-025-09218-1", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09218-1", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "mass-budget", "measurement", "landmark", "numbers" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "ten Hietbrink et al. 2025 Nature: TD-PTR-MS across the North Atlantic; extrapolated ~27 Mt of nanoplastic (PET, PS, PVC) in the mixed layer, comparable to or exceeding larger size classes. Site CONTEXT value; one cruise, extrapolated.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-068", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Evidence that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is rapidly accumulating plastic", "authors": [ "Lebreton L", "Slat B", "Ferrari F", "Sainte-Rose B", "Aitken J", "Marthouse R", "Hajbane S", "Cunsolo S", "et al." ], "year": 2018, "journal_or_publisher": "Scientific Reports", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-018-22939-w", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22939-w", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "mass-budget" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Lebreton et al. 2018: Great Pacific Garbage Patch holds ≥79,000 t, mostly large debris; microplastics ~8% of mass. Authors are linked to The Ocean Cleanup.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-069", "type": "journal-article", "title": "More than 1000 rivers account for 80% of global riverine plastic emissions into the ocean", "authors": [ "Meijer LJJ", "van Emmerik T", "van der Ent R", "Schmidt C", "Lebreton L" ], "year": 2021, "journal_or_publisher": "Science Advances", "doi": "10.1126/sciadv.aaz5803", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz5803", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "sources", "transport", "scenario-model" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Meijer et al. 2021: >1,000 rivers account for 80% of riverine plastic emissions (0.8–2.7 Mt/yr); many small urban rivers matter.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-070", "type": "review", "title": "Rivers as Plastic Reservoirs", "authors": [ "van Emmerik T", "Mellink Y", "Hauk R", "Waldschläger K", "Schreyers L" ], "year": 2022, "journal_or_publisher": "Frontiers in Water", "doi": "10.3389/frwa.2021.786936", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2021.786936", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "fate", "mass-budget" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "van Emmerik et al. 2022: rivers as long-term plastic reservoirs, not just conduits; supports the river-stock framing (OECD ~109 Mt).", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-071", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Global mass of buoyant marine plastics dominated by large long-lived debris", "authors": [ "Kaandorp MLA", "Lobelle D", "Kehl C", "Dijkstra HA", "van Sebille E" ], "year": 2023, "journal_or_publisher": "Nature Geoscience", "doi": "10.1038/s41561-023-01216-0", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-023-01216-0", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "mass-budget", "fate", "scenario-model", "numbers" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Kaandorp et al. 2023: global buoyant ocean plastic ~3.2 Mt dominated by large long-lived debris; resolves the 'missing plastic' paradox for floating plastic. Nano not included.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-072", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Plastic debris in lakes and reservoirs", "authors": [ "Nava V", "Chandra S", "Aherne J", "Alfonso MB", "Antão-Geraldes AM", "Attermeyer K", "Bao R", "Bartrons M", "et al." ], "year": 2023, "journal_or_publisher": "Nature", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-023-06168-4", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06168-4", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "occurrence" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Nava et al. 2023 Nature: harmonised survey of 38 lakes and reservoirs in 23 countries; some lakes exceed ocean-gyre concentrations.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-073", "type": "review", "title": "Microplastics in freshwaters and drinking water: Critical review and assessment of data quality", "authors": [ "Koelmans AA", "Mohamed Nor NH", "Hermsen E", "Kooi M", "Mintenig SM", "De France J" ], "year": 2019, "journal_or_publisher": "Water Research", "doi": "10.1016/j.watres.2019.02.054", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.02.054", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "water", "human" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "measurement", "exposure", "numbers" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Koelmans et al. 2019: critical review with quality scoring of 50 freshwater and drinking-water studies; only a few met all quality criteria. Template for data-quality caveats.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-074", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Synthetic Polymer Contamination in Bottled Water", "authors": [ "Mason SA", "Welch VG", "Neratko J" ], "year": 2018, "journal_or_publisher": "Frontiers in Chemistry", "doi": "10.3389/fchem.2018.00407", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2018.00407", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water", "human" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "exposure" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Mason et al. 2018: synthetic polymer particles in 93% of 259 bottled waters (11 brands, 9 countries); Nile Red staining may overcount small particles.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-075", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Drinking Boiled Tap Water Reduces Human Intake of Nanoplastics and Microplastics", "authors": [ "Yu Z", "Wang JJ", "Liu LY", "Li Z", "Zeng EY" ], "year": 2024, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science & Technology Letters", "doi": "10.1021/acs.estlett.4c00081", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.4c00081", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "water", "human" ], "topics": [ "exposure", "treatment", "action", "solutions" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Yu et al. 2024: boiling and filtering removed at least 80% of spiked nano- and microplastics (PS/PE/PP, 0.1–150 µm) in hard water > 120 mg/L CaCO3 (abstract); up to 90% at 300 mg/L and about 25% below 60 mg/L per the ACS release (S-181). Laboratory study with spiked particles.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-076", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Microplastic release from the degradation of polypropylene feeding bottles during infant formula preparation", "authors": [ "Li D", "Shi Y", "Yang L", "Xiao L", "Kehoe DK", "Gun’ko YK", "Boland JJ", "Wang JJ" ], "year": 2020, "journal_or_publisher": "Nature Food", "doi": "10.1038/s43016-020-00171-y", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-020-00171-y", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "water", "human" ], "topics": [ "exposure", "sources", "action" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Li et al. 2020: polypropylene infant feeding bottles release microplastics during formula preparation (high temperature); estimated infant exposure. Single lab study.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-077", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Plastic Teabags Release Billions of Microparticles and Nanoparticles into Tea", "authors": [ "Hernandez LM", "Xu EG", "Larsson HCE", "Tahara R", "Maisuria VB", "Tufenkji N" ], "year": 2019, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science & Technology", "doi": "10.1021/acs.est.9b02540", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b02540", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "water", "human" ], "topics": [ "exposure", "sources", "action" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Hernandez et al. 2019: plastic teabags release ~11.6 billion micro- and 3.1 billion nanoparticles per cup at 95 °C; counts by SEM/NTA, polymer identity of nano fraction indirect.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-078", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Microplastic in Terrestrial Ecosystems and the Soil?", "authors": [ "Rillig MC" ], "year": 2012, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science & Technology", "doi": "10.1021/es302011r", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/es302011r", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "soil" ], "topics": [ "history", "occurrence", "landmark" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Rillig 2012: 'Microplastic in terrestrial ecosystems and the soil?' first call to study soil microplastics. Timeline anchor.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-079", "type": "review", "title": "Microplastics as an emerging threat to terrestrial ecosystems", "authors": [ "de Souza Machado AA", "Kloas W", "Zarfl C", "Hempel S", "Rillig MC" ], "year": 2018, "journal_or_publisher": "Global Change Biology", "doi": "10.1111/gcb.14020", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14020", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "soil" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "fate", "toxicology" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "de Souza Machado et al. 2018 GCB: microplastics as an emerging threat to terrestrial ecosystems; soils may hold more plastic than oceans (estimate).", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-080", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Impacts of Microplastics on the Soil Biophysical Environment", "authors": [ "de Souza Machado AA", "Lau CW", "Till J", "Kloas W", "Lehmann A", "Becker R", "Rillig MC" ], "year": 2018, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science & Technology", "doi": "10.1021/acs.est.8b02212", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02212", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "soil" ], "topics": [ "fate", "toxicology" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "de Souza Machado et al. 2018 ES&T: microplastics alter soil bulk density, water holding capacity and microbial activity (lab experiment).", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-081", "type": "review", "title": "Microplastic in terrestrial ecosystems", "authors": [ "Rillig MC", "Lehmann A" ], "year": 2020, "journal_or_publisher": "Science", "doi": "10.1126/science.abb5979", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb5979", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "soil" ], "topics": [ "fate", "toxicology" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Rillig & Lehmann 2020 Science: microplastic in terrestrial ecosystems; effects on soil structure and plants, open questions.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-082", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Are Agricultural Soils Dumps for Microplastics of Urban Origin?", "authors": [ "Nizzetto L", "Futter M", "Langaas S" ], "year": 2016, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science & Technology", "doi": "10.1021/acs.est.6b04140", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b04140", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "soil" ], "topics": [ "sources", "occurrence" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Nizzetto et al. 2016: sewage sludge may deliver 63,000–430,000 t/yr of microplastic to European farmland (estimate).", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-083", "type": "report", "title": "Assessment of agricultural plastics and their sustainability: A call for action", "authors": [ "FAO" ], "year": 2021, "journal_or_publisher": "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)", "doi": "10.4060/cb7856en", "url": "https://doi.org/10.4060/cb7856en", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "soil" ], "topics": [ "sources", "policy", "solutions" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "FAO 2021 'Assessment of agricultural plastics and their sustainability: a call for action'; ~12.5 Mt/yr agricultural plastic use; mulch films as key source.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-084", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Effective uptake of submicrometre plastics by crop plants via a crack-entry mode", "authors": [ "Li L", "Luo Y", "Li R", "Zhou Q", "Peijnenburg WJGM", "Yin N", "Yang J", "Tu C", "et al." ], "year": 2020, "journal_or_publisher": "Nature Sustainability", "doi": "10.1038/s41893-020-0567-9", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0567-9", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "soil", "human" ], "topics": [ "fate", "exposure" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Li et al. 2020: submicrometre plastics enter wheat and lettuce roots via crack-entry at lateral root emergence (hydroponic/sand); fluorescent model particles.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-085", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Biochar Reduces Nanoplastics Uptake by Lettuce and Alleviates Its Toxicity to the Plant", "authors": [ "Aly AA", "Tang J", "Zanaty M", "Liu C", "Kulathuvayal AS", "Su Y", "Salako I", "Weidhaas J", "et al." ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry", "doi": "10.1021/acs.jafc.5c14785", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5c14785", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "soil" ], "topics": [ "solutions", "remediation" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "ALREADY ON SITE. Aly et al. 2026 JAFC: biochar reduces nanoplastic uptake by lettuce and alleviates toxicity; binding in soil, not removal.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-086", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Translocation of nanoplastics from soil to crops impairs pollen viability with potential implications to pollinators", "authors": [ "Piovesan A", "Quartieri S", "Faleri C", "Bellingeri A", "Nepi M", "Al Sid Cheikh M", "Corsi I" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science: Nano", "doi": "10.1039/d5en00969c", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1039/d5en00969c", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "soil" ], "topics": [ "fate", "toxicology" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Piovesan et al. 2026 Env Sci Nano: nanoplastics translocate from soil to crops and impair pollen viability; recent single study with pollinator implications.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-087", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Discovery and quantification of plastic particle pollution in human blood", "authors": [ "Leslie HA", "van Velzen MJM", "Brandsma SH", "Vethaak AD", "Garcia-Vallejo JJ", "Lamoree MH" ], "year": 2022, "journal_or_publisher": "Environment International", "doi": "10.1016/j.envint.2022.107199", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107199", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "measurement", "landmark" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Leslie et al. 2022: plastic quantifiable in blood of 17/22 donors, mean ~1.6 µg/mL over all 22 donors (py-GC/MS, particles ≥700 nm). Site CONTEXT value; PE results now questioned (see S-042, S-044).", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-088", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Plasticenta: First evidence of microplastics in human placenta", "authors": [ "Ragusa A", "Svelato A", "Santacroce C", "Catalano P", "Notarstefano V", "Carnevali O", "Papa F", "Rongioletti MCA", "et al." ], "year": 2021, "journal_or_publisher": "Environment International", "doi": "10.1016/j.envint.2020.106274", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106274", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "landmark" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Ragusa et al. 2021 'Plasticenta': 12 pigmented particles (5–10 µm) in 4 of 6 placentas by Raman; small n, pigments identified rather than polymers.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-089", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Quantitation and identification of microplastics accumulation in human placental specimens using pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry", "authors": [ "Garcia MA", "Liu R", "Nihart A", "El Hayek E", "Castillo E", "Barrozo ER", "Suter MA", "Bleske B", "et al." ], "year": 2024, "journal_or_publisher": "Toxicological Sciences", "doi": "10.1093/toxsci/kfae021", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfae021", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Garcia et al. 2024: py-GC/MS mass of microplastics in 62 placentas (mean ~126 µg/g); PE dominant; same lab and method family as the brain study, same caveats (S-042, S-045).", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-090", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Detection of microplastics in human lung tissue using μFTIR spectroscopy", "authors": [ "Jenner LC", "Rotchell JM", "Bennett RT", "Cowen M", "Tentzeris V", "Sadofsky LR" ], "year": 2022, "journal_or_publisher": "Science of The Total Environment", "doi": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154907", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154907", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human", "air" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "exposure" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Jenner et al. 2022: µFTIR identifies microplastics in 11 of 13 lung tissue samples (lower lobes); particles ≥3 µm.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-091", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Microplastics in the Olfactory Bulb of the Human Brain", "authors": [ "Amato-Lourenço LF", "Dantas KC", "Júnior GR", "Paes VR", "Ando RA", "de Oliveira Freitas R", "da Costa OMMM", "Rabelo RS", "et al." ], "year": 2024, "journal_or_publisher": "JAMA Network Open", "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.40018", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.40018", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human", "air" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "exposure" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Amato-Lourenço et al. 2024: microplastics in the olfactory bulb in 8 of 15 decedents; suggests a nasal route to the brain.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-092", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Bioaccumulation of microplastics in decedent human brains", "authors": [ "Nihart AJ", "Garcia MA", "El Hayek E", "Liu R", "Olewine M", "Kingston JD", "Castillo EF", "Gullapalli RR", "et al." ], "year": 2025, "journal_or_publisher": "Nature Medicine", "doi": "10.1038/s41591-024-03453-1", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-024-03453-1", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "measurement", "dispute", "landmark" ], "evidence_hint": "D", "note": "Nihart et al. 2025 Nat Med: py-GC/MS brain concentrations in the mg/g range (median 4,917 µg/g in 2024 samples, n = 24; 3,345 µg/g in 2016, n = 28; different people, not accumulation in one person), higher than liver/kidney and higher in 2024 than 2016 samples. Author Correction (10.1038/s41591-025-03675-x) and a Matters Arising dispute (S-045, reply S-046) exist; the '7 g / spoon' framing is contested.", "verified_doi": true, "corrected_by": [ "S-258" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-093", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Atheromas and Cardiovascular Events", "authors": [ "Marfella R", "Prattichizzo F", "Sardu C", "Fulgenzi G", "Graciotti L", "Spadoni T", "D’Onofrio N", "Scisciola L", "et al." ], "year": 2024, "journal_or_publisher": "New England Journal of Medicine", "doi": "10.1056/NEJMoa2309822", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2309822", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "health", "landmark" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Marfella et al. 2024 NEJM: PE (and PVC) detected in carotid plaque of 150/257 patients; 4.5× higher risk of MI, stroke or death over 34 months. Observational; contamination and confounding questioned in correspondence (S-094).", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-094", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Atheromas", "authors": [ "Correspondence (multiple letter authors)" ], "year": 2024, "journal_or_publisher": "New England Journal of Medicine", "doi": "10.1056/nejmc2404154", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmc2404154", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "dispute", "health" ], "evidence_hint": "D", "note": "NEJM correspondence 2024 on Marfella et al. (letters and authors' reply): blanks, contamination, confounding. Pair with the original study.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-095", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Microplastic presence in dog and human testis and its potential association with sperm count and weights of testis and epididymis", "authors": [ "Hu CJ", "Garcia MA", "Nihart A", "Liu R", "Yin L", "Adolphi N", "Gallego DF", "Kang H", "et al." ], "year": 2024, "journal_or_publisher": "Toxicological Sciences", "doi": "10.1093/toxsci/kfae060", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfae060", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "health" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Hu et al. 2024: py-GC/MS microplastics in 23 human and 47 dog testes; human mean ~329 µg/g; association with sperm count only in dogs. Same method caveats as the brain study (S-045).", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-096", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Microplastics detected in cirrhotic liver tissue", "authors": [ "Horvatits T", "Tamminga M", "Liu B", "Sebode M", "Carambia A", "Fischer L", "Püschel K", "Huber S", "et al." ], "year": 2022, "journal_or_publisher": "eBioMedicine", "doi": "10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104147", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104147", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "occurrence" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Horvatits et al. 2022: microplastics (4–30 µm) in cirrhotic liver tissue (n=6) but not in controls; very small pilot.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-097", "type": "journal-article", "title": "First evidence of microplastics in human ovarian follicular fluid: An emerging threat to female fertility", "authors": [ "Montano L", "Raimondo S", "Piscopo M", "Ricciardi M", "Guglielmino A", "Chamayou S", "Gentile R", "Gentile M", "et al." ], "year": 2025, "journal_or_publisher": "Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety", "doi": "10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.117868", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.117868", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "health" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Montano et al. 2025: microplastics in ovarian follicular fluid of 14 of 18 women (assisted reproduction); weak correlation with ovarian function. Small observational study.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-098", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Detection of Various Microplastics in Human Stool", "authors": [ "Schwabl P", "Köppel S", "Königshofer P", "Bucsics T", "Trauner M", "Reiberger T", "Liebmann B" ], "year": 2019, "journal_or_publisher": "Annals of Internal Medicine", "doi": "10.7326/M19-0618", "url": "https://doi.org/10.7326/M19-0618", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "exposure" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Schwabl et al. 2019: microplastics in stool of all 8 participants (pilot, 50–500 µm).", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-099", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Micro- and Nanoplastics Breach the Blood–Brain Barrier (BBB): Biomolecular Corona’s Role Revealed", "authors": [ "Kopatz V", "Wen K", "Kovács T", "Keimowitz AS", "Pichler V", "Widder J", "Vethaak AD", "Hollóczki O", "et al." ], "year": 2023, "journal_or_publisher": "Nanomaterials", "doi": "10.3390/nano13081404", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13081404", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "toxicology", "fate" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Kopatz et al. 2023: polystyrene nanoplastics reach mouse brain within ~2 h after oral dosing; biomolecular corona role (model particles, high dose).", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-100", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Microplastics in the bloodstream can induce cerebral thrombosis by causing cell obstruction and lead to neurobehavioral abnormalities", "authors": [ "Huang H", "Hou J", "Li M", "Wei F", "Liao Y", "Xi B" ], "year": 2025, "journal_or_publisher": "Science Advances", "doi": "10.1126/sciadv.adr8243", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adr8243", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "toxicology", "health" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Huang et al. 2025 Sci Adv: in mice, microplastic-laden immune cells obstruct cerebral capillaries and alter behaviour; animal model with fluorescent PS particles.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-101", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Human Consumption of Microplastics", "authors": [ "Cox KD", "Covernton GA", "Davies HL", "Dower JF", "Juanes F", "Dudas SE" ], "year": 2019, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science & Technology", "doi": "10.1021/acs.est.9b01517", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b01517", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "exposure", "scenario-model", "correction", "numbers" ], "evidence_hint": "D", "note": "Cox et al. 2019: 39,000–52,000 particles/yr ingested (74,000–121,000 incl. inhalation) for Americans; a published correction exists (S-102). Count-based, large uncertainty; not the source of the 'credit card' figure.", "verified_doi": true, "corrected_by": [ "S-102" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-102", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Correction to Human Consumption of Microplastics", "authors": [ "Cox KD", "Covernton GA", "Davies HL", "Dower JF", "Juanes F", "Dudas SE" ], "year": 2020, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science & Technology", "doi": "10.1021/acs.est.0c04032", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c04032", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "correction", "exposure" ], "evidence_hint": "D", "note": "Correction to Cox et al. 2019 (ES&T, published 17 August 2020). Corrected total 74,000–113,000 particles per year including inhalation (as read by the numbers and human fixers, 3 November 2026). Cite with S-101.", "verified_doi": true, "corrects": "S-101", "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-103", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Lifetime Accumulation of Microplastic in Children and Adults", "authors": [ "Mohamed Nor NH", "Kooi M", "Diepens NJ", "Koelmans AA" ], "year": 2021, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science & Technology", "doi": "10.1021/acs.est.0c07384", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c07384", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "exposure", "scenario-model", "numbers" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Mohamed Nor et al. 2021: probabilistic lifetime model; median adult intake ~883 particles/day but only ~4.1 µg/week by mass (the site's 'low' scenario), orders of magnitude below the 'credit card' figure.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-104", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Estimation of the mass of microplastics ingested – A pivotal first step towards human health risk assessment", "authors": [ "Senathirajah K", "Attwood S", "Bhagwat G", "Carbery M", "Wilson S", "Palanisami T" ], "year": 2021, "journal_or_publisher": "Journal of Hazardous Materials", "doi": "10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124004", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124004", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "exposure", "scenario-model", "dispute", "numbers" ], "evidence_hint": "D", "note": "Senathirajah et al. 2021: peer-reviewed basis of the '5 g/week (credit card)' estimate (0.1–5 g/week). Mass conversion assumptions heavily criticised; contrast with Mohamed Nor 2021 (S-103).", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-105", "type": "press", "title": "No Plastic in Nature: Assessing Plastic Ingestion from Nature to People", "authors": [ "Dalberg Advisors", "de Wit W", "Bigaud N", "WWF" ], "year": 2019, "journal_or_publisher": "WWF International / University of Newcastle (Australia)", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.newcastle.edu.au/news/2019/06/plastic-ingestion-by-people-could-be-equating-to-a-credit-card-a-week", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "exposure", "dispute", "news", "numbers" ], "evidence_hint": "D", "note": "Origin of the 'credit card a week' (≈5 g/week) headline (WWF/Dalberg report on Newcastle research). Cite only to explain where the meme came from (peer-reviewed version S-104; far lower estimate S-103); author list of the report not verified beyond Dalberg/WWF.", "verified_doi": false, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Wayback capture 20260608181059 (live HTTP 403)" }, { "id": "S-106", "type": "review", "title": "Microplastics: A Real Global Threat for Environment and Food Safety: A State of the Art Review", "authors": [ "Ziani K", "Ioniță-Mîndrican CB", "Mititelu M", "Neacșu SM", "Negrei C", "Moroșan E", "Drăgănescu D", "Preda OT" ], "year": 2023, "journal_or_publisher": "Nutrients", "doi": "10.3390/nu15030617", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030617", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human", "water", "soil" ], "topics": [ "exposure", "health", "toxicology" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Ziani et al. 2023 Nutrients: state-of-the-art review on microplastics in food and food safety; broad narrative review, use for overview not for numbers.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-107", "type": "review", "title": "Microplastics and human health", "authors": [ "Vethaak AD", "Legler J" ], "year": 2021, "journal_or_publisher": "Science", "doi": "10.1126/science.abe5041", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abe5041", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "health", "toxicology", "gaps" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Vethaak & Legler 2021 Science: microplastics and human health; balanced perspective on exposure, hazard and gaps.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-108", "type": "review", "title": "Effects of Microplastic Exposure on Human Digestive, Reproductive, and Respiratory Health: A Rapid Systematic Review", "authors": [ "Chartres N", "Cooper CB", "Bland G", "Pelch KE", "Gandhi SA", "BakenRa A", "Woodruff TJ" ], "year": 2024, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science & Technology", "doi": "10.1021/acs.est.3c09524", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c09524", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "health", "toxicology" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Chartres et al. 2024 (UCSF, Woodruff group) rapid systematic review: microplastics 'suspected' to harm digestive, reproductive and respiratory health, based mainly on rodent studies.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-109", "type": "review", "title": "A critical review of micro- and nanoplastic permeation in the human body", "authors": [ "Pan Y", "Janjua TI", "Thomas KV", "Shepherd CE", "Rauert C" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Microplastics and Nanoplastics", "doi": "10.1186/s43591-026-00177-6", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s43591-026-00177-6", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "exposure", "toxicology", "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Pan et al. 2026 critical review of micro- and nanoplastic permeation across human barriers (gut, lung, skin, placenta, BBB); from the UQ group that raised method concerns.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-110", "type": "review", "title": "Microplastics and nanoplastics in the human diet", "authors": [ "Di Fiore C", "Avino P" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Nature Health", "doi": "10.1038/s44360-025-00025-6", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s44360-025-00025-6", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "exposure", "health" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Di Fiore & Avino 2026 Nature Health review: micro- and nanoplastics in the human diet; recent overview of dietary exposure.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-111", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Can Plasma Exchange Be Used to Lower the Circulating Burden of Microplastics in Human Patients?", "authors": [ "Weinstein R", "Yuksel ZS", "Anderson C", "Grant D", "Milius P", "Waldron K", "David LA", "Molina C", "et al." ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Journal of Clinical Apheresis", "doi": "10.1002/jca.70135", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jca.70135", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "solutions", "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "ALREADY ON SITE. Weinstein et al. 2026 J Clin Apheresis: plasma exchange and circulating microplastics; the abstract gives no assay size limit and no nanoplastic data; tubing released particles; 9 of 13 authors are affiliated with Circulate Health. Full text not accessible.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-112", "type": "dataset", "title": "Removal of Microplastics, Nanoplastics, and PFAS From Human Peripheral Blood Via Double-Filtration Plasmapheresis (DFPP-MNP)", "authors": [ "Proxima Health, Inc." ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "ClinicalTrials.gov", "doi": null, "url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07658443", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "solutions" ], "evidence_hint": "E", "note": "ALREADY ON SITE. NCT07658443, industry-sponsored pilot, start June 2026, enrolling by invitation (record verified July 2026). Registration is not evidence of efficacy.", "verified_doi": false, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-113", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Nanoplastics removal during drinking water treatment: Laboratory- and pilot-scale experiments and modeling", "authors": [ "Pulido-Reyes G", "Magherini L", "Bianco C", "Sethi R", "von Gunten U", "Kaegi R", "Mitrano DM" ], "year": 2022, "journal_or_publisher": "Journal of Hazardous Materials", "doi": "10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129011", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129011", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "treatment", "solutions" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "ALREADY ON SITE. Pulido-Reyes et al. 2022: metal-doped model nanoplastics through lab and pilot drinking-water treatment; slow sand filtration ≈99.9% retention.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-114", "type": "press", "title": "Water treatment plants would be ready for the removal of nanoplastics", "authors": [ "Eawag" ], "year": 2022, "journal_or_publisher": "Eawag (Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology)", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.eawag.ch/en/department/eng/news/detail/water-treatment-plants-would-be-ready-for-the-removal-of-nanoplastics/", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "treatment", "solutions" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "ALREADY ON SITE. Eawag news (31 May 2022) on the Pulido-Reyes lab/pilot experiments (S-113); plain-language summary.", "verified_doi": false, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-115", "type": "press", "title": "2024: A record-breaking year for The Ocean Cleanup", "authors": [ "The Ocean Cleanup" ], "year": 2024, "journal_or_publisher": "The Ocean Cleanup", "doi": null, "url": "https://theoceancleanup.com/updates/2024-a-record-breaking-year-for-the-ocean-cleanup/", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "solutions", "remediation" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "ALREADY ON SITE. Organisation's own update (19 Dec 2024): ~20 million kg cumulative removal by end 2024 (coarse debris from rivers and ocean). Self-reported.", "verified_doi": false, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-116", "type": "press", "title": "Year in Review: The Ocean Cleanup Continues to Break Records", "authors": [ "The Ocean Cleanup" ], "year": 2025, "journal_or_publisher": "The Ocean Cleanup", "doi": null, "url": "https://theoceancleanup.com/updates/2025-in-review-the-ocean-cleanup/", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "solutions", "remediation" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Self-reported (17 Dec 2025): >25 million kg removed in 2025, >45 million kg cumulative. Supersedes the 2024 figure on site (S-115); still well under 1% of the ~30 Mt ocean stock and no nanoplastic removal.", "verified_doi": false, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-117", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Characteristics of microplastic removal via coagulation and ultrafiltration during drinking water treatment", "authors": [ "Ma B", "Xue W", "Hu C", "Liu H", "Qu J", "Li L" ], "year": 2019, "journal_or_publisher": "Chemical Engineering Journal", "doi": "10.1016/j.cej.2018.11.155", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.11.155", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "treatment", "solutions" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Ma et al. 2019: coagulation + ultrafiltration removal of PE microplastics in drinking-water treatment. A corrigendum exists (10.1016/j.cej.2020.126983).", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-118", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Mass Concentration and Removal Characteristics of Microplastics and Nanoplastics in a Drinking Water Treatment Plant", "authors": [ "Xu Y", "Ou Q", "Wang X", "van der Hoek JP", "Liu G" ], "year": 2024, "journal_or_publisher": "ACS ES&T Water", "doi": "10.1021/acsestwater.4c00222", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00222", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "treatment", "measurement", "solutions" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Xu et al. 2024: mass concentration and removal of micro- and nanoplastics across a full-scale drinking-water treatment plant (py-GC/MS).", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-119", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Solutions to microplastic pollution – Removal of microplastics from wastewater effluent with advanced wastewater treatment technologies", "authors": [ "Talvitie J", "Mikola A", "Koistinen A", "Setälä O" ], "year": 2017, "journal_or_publisher": "Water Research", "doi": "10.1016/j.watres.2017.07.005", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.07.005", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "treatment", "solutions" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Talvitie et al. 2017: tertiary wastewater treatment (MBR, rapid sand, disc filter, DAF) removes 40–99.9% of microplastics (>20 µm).", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-120", "type": "journal-article", "title": "A bacterium that degrades and assimilates poly(ethylene terephthalate)", "authors": [ "Yoshida S", "Hiraga K", "Takehana T", "Taniguchi I", "Yamaji H", "Maeda Y", "Toyohara K", "Miyamoto K", "et al." ], "year": 2016, "journal_or_publisher": "Science", "doi": "10.1126/science.aad6359", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad6359", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "degradation", "solutions", "landmark" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Yoshida et al. 2016: Ideonella sakaiensis degrades and assimilates PET (PETase, MHETase). Landmark for biodegradation; slow on crystalline PET, not an environmental clean-up.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-121", "type": "journal-article", "title": "An engineered PET depolymerase to break down and recycle plastic bottles", "authors": [ "Tournier V", "Topham CM", "Gilles A", "David B", "Folgoas C", "Moya-Leclair E", "Kamionka E", "Desrousseaux ML", "et al." ], "year": 2020, "journal_or_publisher": "Nature", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-020-2149-4", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2149-4", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "degradation", "solutions" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Tournier et al. 2020: engineered PET depolymerase reaches 90% depolymerisation in 10 h (industrial recycling, Carbios).", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-122", "type": "review", "title": "Wear and Tear of Tyres: A Stealthy Source of Microplastics in the Environment", "authors": [ "Kole PJ", "Löhr AJ", "Van Belleghem F", "Ragas A" ], "year": 2017, "journal_or_publisher": "International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health", "doi": "10.3390/ijerph14101265", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101265", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "air", "water", "soil" ], "topics": [ "sources", "prevention", "solutions" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Kole et al. 2017: tyre wear as a major microplastic source; per-capita emission estimates 0.23–4.7 kg/yr.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-123", "type": "journal-article", "title": "The contribution of washing processes of synthetic clothes to microplastic pollution", "authors": [ "De Falco F", "Di Pace E", "Cocca M", "Avella M" ], "year": 2019, "journal_or_publisher": "Scientific Reports", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-019-43023-x", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-43023-x", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "sources", "prevention", "solutions" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "De Falco et al. 2019: synthetic garments release 124–308 mg microfibres per kg washed; release also during wear.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-124", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Release of synthetic microplastic plastic fibres from domestic washing machines: Effects of fabric type and washing conditions", "authors": [ "Napper IE", "Thompson RC" ], "year": 2016, "journal_or_publisher": "Marine Pollution Bulletin", "doi": "10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.09.025", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.09.025", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "sources", "prevention", "action" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Napper & Thompson 2016: a 6 kg wash can release >700,000 acrylic fibres; fabric type matters.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-125", "type": "journal-article", "title": "The efficiency of devices intended to reduce microfibre release during clothes washing", "authors": [ "Napper IE", "Barrett AC", "Thompson RC" ], "year": 2020, "journal_or_publisher": "Science of The Total Environment", "doi": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140412", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140412", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "prevention", "action", "treatment" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Napper, Barrett & Thompson 2020: efficiency of in-drum and external microfibre capture devices (external filter ~78% reduction). Supports the France filter law and 'What You Can Do'.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-126", "type": "journal-article", "title": "The unaccountability case of plastic pellet pollution", "authors": [ "Karlsson TM", "Arneborg L", "Broström G", "Almroth BC", "Gipperth L", "Hassellöv M" ], "year": 2018, "journal_or_publisher": "Marine Pollution Bulletin", "doi": "10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.01.041", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.01.041", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "sources", "prevention", "policy" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Karlsson et al. 2018: pellet loss at a Swedish production site (3–36 million pellets/yr) and lack of accountability; context for the EU pellet regulation.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-127", "type": "web", "title": "What is a HEPA filter?", "authors": [ "US Environmental Protection Agency" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "US EPA", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/what-hepa-filter", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "air" ], "topics": [ "solutions", "action" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "ALREADY ON SITE. EPA: HEPA filters remove at least 99.97% of 0.3 µm particles (theoretical rating). Indoor only; page last updated 13 January 2026 (first published 19 February 2019, page metadata).", "verified_doi": false, "accessed": "2026-11-04", "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-128", "type": "web", "title": "Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee on Plastic Pollution (INC): sessions, documents and chair letters", "authors": [ "United Nations Environment Programme" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "UNEP", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.unep.org/inc-plastic-pollution", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "policy" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "Official treaty-process page: INC-5.1 Busan (Nov–Dec 2024) and INC-5.2 Geneva (Aug 2025) ended without agreement; INC-5.3 (7 Feb 2026, Geneva) elected chair Julio Cordano; INC-5.4 dates not confirmed in sources checked (Nov 2026).", "verified_doi": false, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Wayback capture 20261013090350 (live HTTP 403)" }, { "id": "S-129", "type": "web", "title": "Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/2055 of 25 September 2023 amending Annex XVII to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH) as regards synthetic polymer microparticles", "authors": [ "European Commission" ], "year": 2023, "journal_or_publisher": "Official Journal of the European Union", "doi": null, "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/2055/oj", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "policy", "prevention" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "EU restriction on intentionally added microplastics (synthetic polymer microparticles), phased bans from Oct 2023 (e.g. loose glitter, microbeads) to 2035. Confirm size definitions and transition dates in the Annex before quoting.", "verified_doi": false, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 202 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-130", "type": "web", "title": "Regulation (EU) 2025/2365 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 November 2025 on preventing plastic pellet losses to reduce microplastic pollution", "authors": [ "European Parliament", "Council of the European Union" ], "year": 2025, "journal_or_publisher": "Official Journal of the European Union (OJ L, 26.11.2025)", "doi": null, "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2025/2365/oj", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "policy", "prevention" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "First EU law on pellet losses along the supply chain incl. maritime transport; published 26 Nov 2025, in force ~16 Dec 2025, most obligations apply two years later.", "verified_doi": false, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 202 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-131", "type": "web", "title": "Directive (EU) 2020/2184 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2020 on the quality of water intended for human consumption (recast)", "authors": [ "European Parliament", "Council of the European Union" ], "year": 2020, "journal_or_publisher": "Official Journal of the European Union", "doi": null, "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2020/2184/oj", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water", "human" ], "topics": [ "policy", "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "Drinking Water Directive recast; Article 13(6) required a microplastics measurement methodology to allow watch-list inclusion.", "verified_doi": false, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 202 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-132", "type": "web", "title": "Commission Delegated Decision (EU) 2024/1441 of 11 March 2024 supplementing Directive (EU) 2020/2184 by laying down a methodology to measure microplastics in water intended for human consumption", "authors": [ "European Commission" ], "year": 2024, "journal_or_publisher": "Official Journal of the European Union", "doi": null, "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec_del/2024/1441/oj", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water", "human" ], "topics": [ "policy", "measurement", "standards" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "EU method: ≥1,000 L filtered through a 4-filter cascade; particles 20 µm–5 mm and fibres 20 µm–15 mm, reported as objects/m³. Nanoplastics explicitly outside scope. Corrigenda: 22 January 2025 (CELEX 32024D1441R(01)) and 22 July 2025 (32024D1441R(02)); consolidated text 02024D1441-20240521 incorporates them (see S-423). These are corrigenda, not amendments.", "verified_doi": false, "corrected_by_notices": [ "32024D1441R(01)", "32024D1441R(02)" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 202 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-133", "type": "web", "title": "Directive (EU) 2024/3019 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 November 2024 concerning urban wastewater treatment (recast)", "authors": [ "European Parliament", "Council of the European Union" ], "year": 2024, "journal_or_publisher": "Official Journal of the European Union", "doi": null, "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2024/3019/oj", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water", "soil" ], "topics": [ "policy", "treatment" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "Recast Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive; introduces microplastics monitoring at plants and in sludge. Confirm exact article numbers in text before citing.", "verified_doi": false, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 202 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-134", "type": "web", "title": "Directive (EU) 2019/904 on the reduction of the impact of certain plastic products on the environment (Single-Use Plastics Directive)", "authors": [ "European Parliament", "Council of the European Union" ], "year": 2019, "journal_or_publisher": "Official Journal of the European Union", "doi": null, "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/904/oj", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "policy", "prevention" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "EU single-use plastics bans and EPR; source reduction of macroplastics that fragment into micro/nano.", "verified_doi": false, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 202 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-135", "type": "web", "title": "Regulation (EU) 2024/1257 on type-approval of motor vehicles and engines ... with respect to their emissions and battery durability (Euro 7)", "authors": [ "European Parliament", "Council of the European Union" ], "year": 2024, "journal_or_publisher": "Official Journal of the European Union", "doi": null, "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1257/oj", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "air" ], "topics": [ "policy", "prevention" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "Euro 7: first EU limits for brake particle emissions and a framework for tyre abrasion limits; relevant to tyre-wear micro/nanoplastics. Check application dates in text.", "verified_doi": false, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 202 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-136", "type": "web", "title": "Microbead-Free Waters Act of 2015 (Public Law 114-114; H.R. 1321)", "authors": [ "United States Congress" ], "year": 2015, "journal_or_publisher": "US Congress", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/1321", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "policy", "prevention", "history" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "US ban on rinse-off cosmetics with plastic microbeads (manufacture from July 2017). Early national microplastics law; narrow scope.", "verified_doi": false, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Wayback capture 20260326090759 (live HTTP 403)" }, { "id": "S-137", "type": "web", "title": "Microplastics in drinking water (Statewide policy handbook and monitoring under SB 1422)", "authors": [ "California State Water Resources Control Board" ], "year": 2022, "journal_or_publisher": "California State Water Resources Control Board", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/microplastics.html", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water", "human" ], "topics": [ "policy", "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "World's first statewide drinking-water microplastics testing requirement (adopted Sept 2022): Phase 1 source water (2023–2025), Phase 2 treated water planned from fall 2026, conditional. Particles ≥20 µm (nano out of scope). Check page for current phase.", "verified_doi": false, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-138", "type": "web", "title": "LOI n° 2020-105 du 10 février 2020 relative à la lutte contre le gaspillage et à l'économie circulaire (AGEC), article 79", "authors": [ "République française" ], "year": 2020, "journal_or_publisher": "Journal officiel de la République française (Légifrance)", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000041553759", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "policy", "prevention" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "French law requiring microfibre filters (or equivalent) on new washing machines from 1 Jan 2025. Légifrance JORF id not machine-verified (site blocks bots); confirm. Enforcement depends on an implementing decree (see Assemblée nationale question).", "verified_doi": false, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Wayback capture 20250317171841 (live HTTP 403)" }, { "id": "S-139", "type": "web", "title": "Question écrite n° 13878: Retard de publication du décret AGEC sur la captation des microfibres textiles", "authors": [ "Bolo P" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Assemblée nationale (France)", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/dyn/17/questions/QANR5L17QE13878", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "policy" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "French written parliamentary question (JO 31 Mar 2026, p. 2659): the art. 79 AGEC washing-machine filter decree had still not been published; question closed 5 May 2026 without a ministerial answer. Best evidence that the 2025 obligation is not yet enforceable.", "verified_doi": false, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-140", "type": "web", "title": "Nature — News", "authors": [ "Springer Nature" ], "year": null, "journal_or_publisher": "Springer Nature", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.nature.com/news", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "news" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "NEWS OUTLET. Peer-journal newsroom; covers major MNP papers (e.g. Nature, Nature Medicine) with independent comment.", "verified_doi": false, "accessed": "2026-11-04", "year_note": "continuously updated outlet landing page; no publication year", "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-141", "type": "web", "title": "Science — News", "authors": [ "American Association for the Advancement of Science" ], "year": null, "journal_or_publisher": "American Association for the Advancement of Science", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.science.org/news", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "news" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "NEWS OUTLET. Independent science journalism; good on methodological disputes. Site blocks automated checks.", "verified_doi": false, "accessed": "2026-11-04", "year_note": "continuously updated outlet landing page; no publication year", "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Wayback capture 20260911181213 (live HTTP 403)" }, { "id": "S-142", "type": "web", "title": "The Guardian — Plastics", "authors": [ "Guardian News & Media" ], "year": null, "journal_or_publisher": "Guardian News & Media", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.theguardian.com/environment/plastic", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "news" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "NEWS OUTLET. Damian Carrington's environment desk; broke the Jan 2026 'doubt cast on microplastics in the body' story. Cross-check every claim with the paper.", "verified_doi": false, "accessed": "2026-11-04", "year_note": "continuously updated outlet landing page; no publication year", "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-143", "type": "web", "title": "New Scientist — Environment", "authors": [ "New Scientist Ltd" ], "year": null, "journal_or_publisher": "New Scientist Ltd", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.newscientist.com/subject/environment/", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "news" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "NEWS OUTLET. Fast coverage of new MNP studies; verify against originals.", "verified_doi": false, "accessed": "2026-11-04", "year_note": "continuously updated outlet landing page; no publication year", "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Wayback capture 20261030160032 (live HTTP 406)" }, { "id": "S-144", "type": "web", "title": "Chemical & Engineering News (C&EN)", "authors": [ "American Chemical Society" ], "year": null, "journal_or_publisher": "American Chemical Society", "doi": null, "url": "https://cen.acs.org/", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "news" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "NEWS OUTLET. Strong on analytical chemistry, methods and regulation.", "verified_doi": false, "accessed": "2026-11-04", "year_note": "continuously updated outlet landing page; no publication year", "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-145", "type": "web", "title": "Environmental Health News (EHN)", "authors": [ "Environmental Health Sciences" ], "year": null, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Health Sciences", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.ehn.org/", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "news" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "NEWS OUTLET. Daily environmental-health news incl. plastics; advocacy-adjacent, check framing.", "verified_doi": false, "accessed": "2026-11-04", "year_note": "continuously updated outlet landing page; no publication year", "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-146", "type": "web", "title": "EurekAlert!", "authors": [ "AAAS" ], "year": null, "journal_or_publisher": "AAAS", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.eurekalert.org/", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "news" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "NEWS OUTLET. Press releases from universities and journals; primary feed for new papers (press releases, not journalism).", "verified_doi": false, "accessed": "2026-11-04", "year_note": "continuously updated outlet landing page; no publication year", "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-147", "type": "web", "title": "Eos", "authors": [ "American Geophysical Union" ], "year": null, "journal_or_publisher": "American Geophysical Union", "doi": null, "url": "https://eos.org/", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "news" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "NEWS OUTLET. Earth and space science news; atmosphere and ocean plastics.", "verified_doi": false, "accessed": "2026-11-04", "year_note": "continuously updated outlet landing page; no publication year", "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-148", "type": "web", "title": "Food Packaging Forum — News", "authors": [ "Food Packaging Forum Foundation" ], "year": null, "journal_or_publisher": "Food Packaging Forum Foundation", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.foodpackagingforum.org/news", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "news" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "NEWS OUTLET. Weekly science and policy digest on plastics, chemicals and MNPs in food contact.", "verified_doi": false, "accessed": "2026-11-04", "year_note": "continuously updated outlet landing page; no publication year", "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-149", "type": "web", "title": "Science Media Centre (UK) — expert reactions", "authors": [ "Science Media Centre" ], "year": null, "journal_or_publisher": "Science Media Centre", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "news" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "NEWS OUTLET. Independent expert reactions to new studies; useful for balance on contested results.", "verified_doi": false, "accessed": "2026-11-04", "year_note": "continuously updated outlet landing page; no publication year", "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-150", "type": "web", "title": "MICRO 2026: Plastic Pollution from Macro to Nano (6th MICRO conference)", "authors": [ "MICRO conference series" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "MICRO conference series", "doi": null, "url": "https://micro2026.sciencesconf.org/", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "events" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "EVENT. 12–16 Oct 2026, Palacio de Congresos, Cádiz, Spain (past by 3 Nov 2026). Flagship series since 2016; check for MICRO 2028.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-week-029" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-151", "type": "web", "title": "SETAC North America 47th Annual Meeting", "authors": [ "Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.setac.org/discover-events/global-meetings.html", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "events" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "EVENT. 2–5 Nov 2026, Montreal, Canada. Large MNP sessions.", "verified_doi": false, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-152", "type": "web", "title": "SETAC Europe 37th Annual Meeting", "authors": [ "Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.setac.org/discover-events/global-meetings/setac-europe-37th-annual-meeting.html", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "events" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "EVENT. 25–29 Apr 2027, Palexpo, Le Grand-Saconnex (Geneva), Switzerland (venue page S-241; corrected from \"Geneva Congress Center\").", "verified_doi": false, "event_date": "2027-04-25/2027-04-29", "year_note": "year = earliest Wayback capture 12 October 2026; 2027 was the event date", "accessed": "2026-11-04", "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-153", "type": "web", "title": "SETAC North America 48th Annual Meeting", "authors": [ "Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry" ], "year": null, "journal_or_publisher": "Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.setac.org/discover-events/global-meetings.html", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "events" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "EVENT. 1–4 Nov 2027, Long Beach, California, USA.", "verified_doi": false, "event_date": "2027-11-01/2027-11-04", "year_note": "year null: shared SETAC listing page, continuously updated; 2027 was the event date", "accessed": "2026-11-04", "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-154", "type": "web", "title": "Micro- and Nanoplastics in Water: Engineered Solutions (ECI)", "authors": [ "Engineering Conferences International" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Engineering Conferences International", "doi": null, "url": "https://engconf.org/conferences/civil-and-environmental-engineering/micro-nano-plastics-in-water/", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "events" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "EVENT. 4–8 Jul 2027, Davos, Switzerland; follows the 2025 ECI 'Characterization, Cure and Prevention' meeting. ECI pages show two titles; confirm.", "verified_doi": false, "event_date": "2027-07-04/2027-07-08", "year_note": "year = page datePublished 12 May 2026; 2027 was the event date", "accessed": "2026-11-04", "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-155", "type": "web", "title": "Microplastics and Nanoplastics Summit: Bridging Science, Policy, and Action", "authors": [ "University of Nebraska–Lincoln" ], "year": null, "journal_or_publisher": "University of Nebraska–Lincoln", "doi": null, "url": "https://nanoplastics.unl.edu/microplastics-and-nanoplastics-summit/", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "events" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "EVENT. 9–12 May 2027, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.", "verified_doi": false, "event_date": "2027-05-09/2027-05-12", "year_note": "year null: no page date; no Wayback capture; 2027 was the event date", "accessed": "2026-11-04", "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-156", "type": "web", "title": "ICCE 2027 — EuChemS International Conference on Chemistry and the Environment", "authors": [ "EuChemS Division of Chemistry and the Environment" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "EuChemS Division of Chemistry and the Environment", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.euchems.eu/events/international-conference-on-chemistry-and-the-environment/", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "events" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "EVENT. 6–10 Jun 2027, University of Gdańsk, Poland; sessions on emerging pollutants and microplastics. Biennial; the 19th edition was Belgrade 2025.", "verified_doi": false, "event_date": "2027-06-06/2027-06-10", "year_note": "year = page datePublished 25 August 2026; 2027 was the event date", "accessed": "2026-11-04", "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-157", "type": "web", "title": "AGU Annual Meeting 2026 (Fall Meeting)", "authors": [ "American Geophysical Union" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "American Geophysical Union", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.agu.org/Fall-Meeting", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "events" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "EVENT. 7–11 Dec 2026, San Francisco (Moscone Center); atmospheric and ocean plastics sessions.", "verified_doi": false, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Wayback capture 20260420185943 (live HTTP 403)" }, { "id": "S-158", "type": "web", "title": "EGU General Assembly 2027", "authors": [ "European Geosciences Union" ], "year": 2025, "journal_or_publisher": "European Geosciences Union", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.egu27.eu/", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "events" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "EVENT. 4–9 Apr 2027, Austria Center Vienna and online; EGU26 had TD-PTR-MS nanoplastic abstracts.", "verified_doi": false, "event_date": "2027-04-04/2027-04-09", "year_note": "year = earliest Wayback capture 29 December 2025; 2027 was the event date", "accessed": "2026-11-04", "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-159", "type": "web", "title": "Microplastics Exposure and Human Health Conference", "authors": [ "University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy", "doi": null, "url": "https://hsc.unm.edu/pharmacy/research/areas/cmbm/mnp-conf/", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "events" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "EVENT. 11–14 Jan 2026, Santa Fe, New Mexico (past); check for a 2027 edition.", "verified_doi": false, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-160", "type": "web", "title": "Plastics2026 — A global symposium on plastics and human health", "authors": [ "Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Queensland" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Queensland", "doi": null, "url": "https://qaehs.centre.uq.edu.au/plastics2026", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "events" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "EVENT. 1–4 Mar 2026, Brisbane (past); health and methods focus.", "verified_doi": false, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-161", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Assessing the Release of Microplastics and Nanoplastics from Plastic Containers and Reusable Food Pouches: Implications for Human Health", "authors": [ "Hussain KA", "Romanova S", "Okur I", "Zhang D", "Kuebler J", "Huang X", "Wang B", "Fernandez-Ballester L", "et al." ], "year": 2023, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science & Technology 57(26):9782–9792", "doi": "10.1021/acs.est.3c01942", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c01942", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "exposure", "sources", "action" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Microwaving PP containers and a PE pouch for 3 min released up to 4.22 million micro- and 2.11 billion nanoplastic particles per cm²; more than refrigeration or room-temperature storage; DI water and 3% acetic acid simulants; intake modeled (max 22.1 ng/kg·day). Abstract read via Europe PMC.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-action-001" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-162", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Cutting Boards: An Overlooked Source of Microplastics in Human Food?", "authors": [ "Yadav H", "Khan MRH", "Quadir M", "Rusch KA", "Mondal PP", "Orr M", "Xu EG", "Iskander SM" ], "year": 2023, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science & Technology 57(22):8225–8235", "doi": "10.1021/acs.est.3c00924", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c00924", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "exposure", "sources", "action" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Lab chopping tests; estimated per-person annual exposure 7.4–50.7 g from PE boards and 49.5 g from PP boards (assumption-based estimate). Abstract read via Europe PMC.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-action-002" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-163", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Microplastic contaminations in a set of beverages sold in France", "authors": [ "Chaïb I", "Doyen P", "Merveillie P", "Dehaut A", "Duflos G" ], "year": 2025, "journal_or_publisher": "Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 144:107719", "doi": "10.1016/j.jfca.2025.107719", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2025.107719", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "exposure", "sources", "action" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "ANSES survey (samples bought June 2023, six per reference); mean MPs/L: waters 2.9, colas 31.4, teas 28.5, lemonades 45.2, beers 82.9, wines 8.2; glass bottles most contaminated; particles matched cap paint; size classes 30–500 µm by µFTIR. Full text read (HAL anses-05066642).", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-action-003" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-164", "type": "web", "title": "The caps of glass bottles contaminate beverages with microplastics", "authors": [ "ANSES" ], "year": 2025, "journal_or_publisher": "ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety)", "doi": "", "url": "https://www.anses.fr/en/content/caps-glass-bottles-contaminate-beverages-microplastics", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "exposure", "action" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Agency summary (20 June 2025) of S-163: about 100 particles/L in glass-bottled soft drinks and beer, 5–50 times plastic bottles and cans; water 4.5 vs 1.6 /L; cap blowing/rinsing cut 287 to 106 or 87 /L; no health risk determination possible.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-action-004" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-165", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Comment on “Microplastic contaminations in a set of beverages sold in France” by Chaïb et al.", "authors": [ "Muncke J", "Backhaus T", "Brander S", "Fini JB", "Gündoğdu S", "Schür C", "Zimmermann L", "Scheringer M" ], "year": 2025, "journal_or_publisher": "Journal of Food Composition and Analysis", "doi": "10.1016/j.jfca.2025.108310", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2025.108310", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "exposure", "dispute" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Published comment questioning the comparison method of S-163 (per-volume rather than per contact surface; container sizes differ). Content known from the Food Packaging Forum summary, full text not read. Lead author heads the advocacy-adjacent Food Packaging Forum.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-action-005" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-166", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Microplastic Removal from Drinking Water Using Point-of-Use Devices", "authors": [ "Cherian AG", "Liu Z", "McKie MJ", "Almuhtaram H", "Andrews RC" ], "year": 2023, "journal_or_publisher": "Polymers 15(6):1331", "doi": "10.3390/polym15061331", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15061331", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water", "human" ], "topics": [ "treatment", "action", "exposure" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Three pour-through jug devices, spiked PET/PVC fragments and nylon fibers 30–1,000 µm: membrane devices removed 78–86% (PVC) and 94–100% (PET); GAC+IX-only device released more particles than entered.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-action-006" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-167", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Washing Machine Filters Reduce Microfiber Emissions: Evidence From a Community-Scale Pilot in Parry Sound, Ontario", "authors": [ "Erdle LM", "Nouri Parto D", "Sweetnam D", "Rochman CM" ], "year": 2021, "journal_or_publisher": "Frontiers in Marine Science 8:777865", "doi": "10.3389/fmars.2021.777865", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.777865", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "prevention", "action", "treatment", "solutions" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Filtrol 160 filters in 97 homes (~10% of households on the WWTP); average 41% reduction of microfibers in final effluent (p<0.01); four sampling events; authors suggest behavior change may have contributed; weekly lint capture 6.4 g per home. [solutions-system unit note] Filters in 97 homes (about 10% of households on the town's WWTP); significant reduction of microfibers in treated effluent; average weekly lint capture 6.4 g per home (179,200–2,707,200 microfibers). Abstract read via Crossref 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-action-007", "N-solutions-system-002" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-168", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Importance of Water-Volume on the Release of Microplastic Fibers from Laundry", "authors": [ "Kelly MR", "Lant NJ", "Kurr M", "Burgess JG" ], "year": 2019, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science & Technology 53(20):11735–11744", "doi": "10.1021/acs.est.9b03022", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b03022", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "sources", "prevention", "action" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Polyester; high water-volume 'delicate' cycles released ~800,000 more microfibers (94 mg/kg) per wash than a standard cycle; co-author from Procter & Gamble.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-action-008" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-169", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Microfiber release from real soiled consumer laundry and the impact of fabric care products and washing conditions", "authors": [ "Lant NJ", "Hayward AS", "Peththawadu MMD", "Sheridan KJ", "Dean JR" ], "year": 2020, "journal_or_publisher": "PLOS ONE 15(6):e0233332", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0233332", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233332", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "sources", "prevention", "action" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "79 real UK household loads, mainly natural fibers; 15 °C/30 min cut microfiber release 30% vs 40 °C/85 min; 3.5–6 kg loads 66 vs 132 mg/kg for 1–3.5 kg; funded by and authors at Procter & Gamble.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-action-009" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-170", "type": "journal-article", "title": "International quantification of microplastics in indoor dust: prevalence, exposure and risk assessment", "authors": [ "Soltani NS", "Taylor MP", "Wilson SP" ], "year": 2022, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Pollution 312:119957", "doi": "10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119957", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119957", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "air", "human" ], "topics": [ "exposure", "occurrence", "action" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Deposited dust in 108 homes, 29 countries, 1 month, µFTIR; greater vacuuming frequency associated with lower MP loading (questionnaire); mostly indoor sources.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-action-010" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-171", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Identification and Mitigation of Deposited Indoor Air Microplastics in an Office Environment in Kuala Lumpur", "authors": [ "Dewika M", "Markandan K", "Nagaratnam S", "Irfan NA", "Jamian NR", "Yusuf SY", "Khalid M", "Wong AHM", "et al." ], "year": 2024, "journal_or_publisher": "E3S Web of Conferences 589:01001", "doi": "10.1051/e3sconf/202458901001", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202458901001", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "air", "human" ], "topics": [ "exposure", "action", "solutions", "treatment" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Conference paper: air purifier units in a Malaysian university office cut deposited MP counts by 35% on average (1,273.8 to 825.5 vents open; 1,272.4 to 831.5 vents closed). [solutions-system unit note] Conference paper (CC BY 4.0): 28.9 m3 windowless office, eight weeks, 170 passive deposition samples; air purifier on vs off reduced deposited microplastic counts by about 35% (1273.8 to 825.5 with vents open). Stereomicroscope, hot-needle test, Raman on sorted particles; one co-author from Daikin R&D Malaysia. Full text read 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-action-011", "N-solutions-system-005" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-172", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Impact of air cleaner on indoor microplastic pollution in a real indoor environment: Roles of ventilation types, weather conditions, and air pollutants", "authors": [ "Yeh PW", "Jung CC" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Pollution", "doi": "10.1016/j.envpol.2026.128003", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2026.128003", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "air", "human" ], "topics": [ "exposure", "action" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Real office: lower indoor/outdoor MP ratios with air cleaner on (windows open or closed, with AC); higher ratios when electric fans ran with the cleaner; particles mostly 3–25 µm polyamide fragments.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-action-012" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-173", "type": "report", "title": "Non-exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Transport: An Ignored Environmental Policy Challenge", "authors": [ "OECD" ], "year": 2020, "journal_or_publisher": "OECD Publishing, Paris", "doi": "10.1787/4a4dc6ca-en", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1787/4a4dc6ca-en", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "air" ], "topics": [ "sources", "prevention", "policy" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Non-exhaust PM from tires, brakes and road depends on vehicle weight, driving style and materials; EVs still emit tire and road wear. Content checked via OECD summary pages; full text not read (site blocks automated access).", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-action-013" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-174", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Environmental Deterioration of Biodegradable, Oxo-biodegradable, Compostable, and Conventional Plastic Carrier Bags in the Sea, Soil, and Open-Air Over a 3-Year Period", "authors": [ "Napper IE", "Thompson RC" ], "year": 2019, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science & Technology 53(9):4775–4783", "doi": "10.1021/acs.est.8b06984", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b06984", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "water", "soil" ], "topics": [ "degradation", "action" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "None of the bag types deteriorated substantially in all environments over 3 years; compostable bag gone from sea in 3 months but present in soil after 27 months; all fragmented in open air within 9 months.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-action-014" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-175", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Reduction in Circulating Microplastics in Humans Following Gastrointestinal Sequestration by Chitosan: A Pilot Controlled Study", "authors": [ "Cornelli U", "Belcaro G", "Casella C" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Journal of Xenobiotics 16(3):92", "doi": "10.3390/jox16030092", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/jox16030092", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "solutions", "exposure", "medical" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Pilot: 11 adults on chitosan 0.8 g/day for 15 days vs 10 placebo controls; blood MPs 1.84 to 1.34 µg/mL (−26.3%) by microscopy/SEM/µFTIR; reductions mainly 11–50 µm; no nanoplastic or health outcomes. [approaches unit note] Pilot: 11 healthy adults on chitosan 0.8 g/day for 15 days vs 10 placebo controls; blood microplastics by stereomicroscopy, SEM and µFTIR fell from 1.84 to 1.34 µg/mL (−26.3%, paired p<0.01), no significant change in controls; reductions mainly 11–50 µm. No nanoplastic or health outcomes. Abstract read via Europe PMC and OpenAlex, 3 Nov 2026. Same paper as S-175 (librarian: dedupe).", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-action-015", "N-approaches-012" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-176", "type": "preprint", "title": "Lactiplantibacillus plantarum PD01 supplementation reduces microplastics and microplastic-associated chemicals in humans: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "authors": [ "Lu R", "Zhao L", "Huang X", "Dong R" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "medRxiv (preprint, not peer reviewed)", "doi": "10.64898/2026.08.12.26360001", "url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.12.26360001", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "solutions", "exposure" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "PREPRINT. 96 randomized participants; probiotic increased fecal excretion of total MPs and polycarbonate (py-GC/MS) at weeks 3 and 6, lowered some urinary phthalate metabolites; NCT07416214. No health outcomes.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-action-016" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-177", "type": "press", "title": "High levels of microplastics released from infant feeding bottles during formula prep", "authors": [ "Trinity College Dublin" ], "year": 2020, "journal_or_publisher": "EurekAlert! (Trinity College Dublin press release, 19 October 2020)", "doi": "", "url": "https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/483285", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "exposure", "action" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Institutional release for S-076: 10 bottles; up to 16.2 million particles/L at 70 °C, up to 55 million/L at 95 °C from an unsterilized bottle (product Pd1, S-076 SI Table 2), not a sterilization result; suggested preparation routine (mix in non-plastic container with ≥70 °C water, cool, rinse sterilized bottle with sterilized water); effect of routine not quantified. Page blocks bots; content confirmed via search and fetch on 3 Nov 2026.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-action-017" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-178", "type": "report", "title": "Safe preparation, storage and handling of powdered infant formula: guidelines", "authors": [ "World Health Organization", "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations" ], "year": 2007, "journal_or_publisher": "World Health Organization, Geneva", "doi": "", "url": "https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241595414", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "action" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "WHO/FAO guideline: reconstitute powdered infant formula with water no cooler than 70 °C to inactivate bacteria (Cronobacter). The 70 °C statement confirmed via search of WHO/FAO documents; PDF not machine-read.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-action-018" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-179", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Plastic Pirates sample litter at rivers in Germany – Riverside litter and litter sources estimated by schoolchildren", "authors": [ "Kiessling T", "Knickmeier K", "Kruse K", "Brennecke D", "Nauendorf A", "Thiel M" ], "year": 2019, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Pollution 245:545–557", "doi": "10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.025", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.025", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "action", "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Citizen science: schoolchildren sampled riverside litter across Germany; example of a peer-reviewed citizen-science program.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-action-019" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-180", "type": "web", "title": "Have your say (European Commission public consultation portal)", "authors": [ "European Commission" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "European Commission", "doi": "", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/have-your-say_en", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "policy", "action" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "Official EU portal where anyone can comment on Commission initiatives and draft acts; URL checked 3 Nov 2026 (HTTP 200).", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-action-020" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-181", "type": "press", "title": "Want fewer microplastics in your tap water? Try boiling it first", "authors": [ "American Chemical Society" ], "year": 2024, "journal_or_publisher": "American Chemical Society press release, 28 February 2024 (also EurekAlert! 1035369)", "doi": "", "url": "https://www.acs.org/pressroom/presspacs/2024/february/want-fewer-microplastics-in-your-tap-water.html", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water", "human" ], "topics": [ "action", "exposure" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Release for S-075 (Yu et al. 2024): up to 90% of free-floating NMPs removed after boiling at 300 mg/L CaCO3; about 25% in soft water below 60 mg/L; remaining incrustants removable with a simple filter such as a coffee filter. ACS URL HTTP 200 on 3 Nov 2026 (JS-rendered); text read via the EurekAlert! copy (news-releases/1035369) on 3 Nov 2026.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-action-021" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-182", "type": "journal-article", "title": "What's in your water? A comparative analysis of micro- and nanoplastics in treated drinking water and bottled water", "authors": [ "Jamison Hart MN", "Lenhart JJ" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Science of The Total Environment 1011:181148 (online 17 December 2025; January 2026 issue)", "doi": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.181148", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.181148", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "water", "human" ], "topics": [ "action", "measurement", "exposure" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Same-method comparison (SEM counts, OPTIR polymer identification) of water from four drinking-water treatment plants and six bottled brands; MNPs 300 nm–42.3 µm; bottled water significantly higher particle concentrations, especially smaller micro- and nanoplastics. Crossref and Europe PMC (PMID 41411791) abstract checked 3 Nov 2026; full text blocked (403).", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-action-022" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-183", "type": "press", "title": "What's in your water? More plastic than you realize, new study suggests", "authors": [ "Ohio State University (T. Woodall)" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "EurekAlert! (Ohio State University press release, 2 February 2026)", "doi": "", "url": "https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1114949", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water", "human" ], "topics": [ "action", "exposure" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Release for S-182: bottled water contained three times as many nanoplastic particles as the treated drinking water; over 50% of particles detected were nanoplastics; four plants near Lake Erie. Read via fetch on 3 Nov 2026 (curl 403 to bots). Same story on engineering.osu.edu (30 Jan 2026) without the ratio.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-action-023" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-184", "type": "review", "title": "Contribution of Road Vehicle Tyre Wear to Microplastics and Ambient Air Pollution", "authors": [ "Giechaskiel B", "Grigoratos T", "Mathissen M", "Quik J", "Tromp P", "Gustafsson M", "Franco V", "Dilara P" ], "year": 2024, "journal_or_publisher": "Sustainability 16(2):522", "doi": "10.3390/su16020522", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020522", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "air", "soil" ], "topics": [ "action", "sources" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Aggregated recent studies: mean abrasion 110 mg/km per vehicle or 68 mg/km/t for passenger cars (about 300 measurements); abrasion depends on tyre, vehicle, road, environmental conditions and driving style. Crossref and Europe PMC abstract checked 3 Nov 2026; MDPI full text blocked (403). CC BY 4.0.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-action-024" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-185", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Impact of vehicle type, tyre feature and driving behaviour on tyre wear under real-world driving conditions", "authors": [ "Liu Y", "Chen H", "Wu S", "Gao J", "Li Y", "An Z", "Mao B", "Tu R", "Li T" ], "year": 2022, "journal_or_publisher": "Science of The Total Environment 842:156950", "doi": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156950", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156950", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "air", "soil" ], "topics": [ "action", "sources" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "76 taxis, tyre volume loss measured about every three months for 22 months (Sept 2019–June 2021, >500 measurements); 72 mg/veh-km hybrid, 53 mg/veh-km ICE; XGBoost: tyre type and position more important than driving behaviour; among behaviours, braking and accelerating events most important. No percentage saving per driver. Crossref and Europe PMC abstract checked 3 Nov 2026.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-action-025" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-186", "type": "web", "title": "Comment describes concerns with study that found glass bottles have more microplastics", "authors": [ "Parkinson L (Food Packaging Forum)" ], "year": 2025, "journal_or_publisher": "Food Packaging Forum news, 25 September 2025", "doi": "", "url": "https://www.foodpackagingforum.org/news/comment-describes-concerns-with-study-that-found-glass-bottles-have-more-microplastics", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "action", "exposure" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Summary with direct quotes of S-165 (Muncke et al. 2025, lead author from FPF): per-liter normalization overemphasizes small packages; glass bottles generally smaller than plastic versions; results should be reported per plastic surface area (EU 2011 Art. 17.4(a)); filling lines and upstream contact and raw-material contamination not accounted for. Used because the comment's full text was not reachable (Elsevier 403). Fetched 3 Nov 2026. Interested party: same organization as the comment's lead author.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-action-026" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-187", "type": "journal-article", "title": "A stable isotope assay with 13C-labeled polyethylene to investigate plastic mineralization mediated by Rhodococcus ruber", "authors": [ "Goudriaan M", "Morales VH", "van der Meer MTJ", "Mets A", "Ndhlovu RT", "van Heerwaarden J", "Simon S", "Heuer VB", "et al." ], "year": 2023, "journal_or_publisher": "Marine Pollution Bulletin 186:114369", "doi": "10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114369", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114369", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "degradation", "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Lab-scale 13C tracer assay: UV-irradiated 13C-PE particles in liquid medium with Rhodococcus ruber mineralized at up to 1.2% per year of the added PE. Shows how slow proven PE mineralization is. Abstract checked via PubMed 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-approaches-001" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-188", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Complete Photocatalytic Mineralization of Microplastic on TiO2 Nanoparticle Film", "authors": [ "Nabi I", "Bacha AUR", "Li K", "Cheng H", "Wang T", "Liu Y", "Ajmal S", "Yang Y", "et al." ], "year": 2020, "journal_or_publisher": "iScience 23(7):101326", "doi": "10.1016/j.isci.2020.101326", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2020.101326", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "degradation", "treatment" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Lab photocatalysis: 400 nm polystyrene spheres packed on a TiO2 nanoparticle film (Triton X-100 preparation) on glass, 365 nm UV, in air: 98.40% degradation in 12 h, CO2 main product; 700 nm and 1 µm PS 95.30% and 93.49% after 24 h. Full text (PMC7358720) checked 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-approaches-002" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-189", "type": "review", "title": "Degradation of Emerging Plastic Pollutants from Aquatic Environments Using TiO2 and Their Composites in Visible Light Photocatalysis", "authors": [ "Stancu AG", "Râpă M", "Popa CL", "Donțu SI", "Matei E", "Covaliu-Mirelă CI" ], "year": 2025, "journal_or_publisher": "Molecules 30(15):3186", "doi": "10.3390/molecules30153186", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30153186", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "degradation", "treatment", "gaps" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "2025 review: in most cases TiO2-based photocatalysis achieves only partial degradation of micro- and nanoplastics at laboratory scale; practical effectiveness limited; by-products a concern. Full text (PMC12348938) checked 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-approaches-003" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-190", "type": "review", "title": "Recent advances in microbial and enzymatic engineering for the biodegradation of micro- and nanoplastics", "authors": [ "Choi J", "Kim H", "Ahn YR", "Kim M", "Yu S", "Kim N", "Lim SY", "Park JA", "et al." ], "year": 2024, "journal_or_publisher": "RSC Advances 14(14):9943–9966", "doi": "10.1039/d4ra00844h", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ra00844h", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "degradation", "solutions" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "2024 narrative review with a table of lab results (e.g. PE 61% weight loss in 2 months; PP 17.2% in 40 days); results are weight-loss based, lab conditions; calls for real-world implementation studies. Full text (PMC10961967) checked 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-approaches-004" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-191", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Mineralization of 13C-labeled polyethylene by marine Bacillus velezensis MT9", "authors": [ "Bajo K", "Kolvenbach B", "Corvini PFX", "Fava F", "Raddadi N" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 209:106294", "doi": "10.1016/j.ibiod.2026.106294", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2026.106294", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "degradation", "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "13C-PE powder (untreated or UV-treated) with three marine bacteria, 14 days aerobic: only B. velezensis MT9 mineralized PE; highest 13C mass loss 0.199% (UV-treated PE plus yeast extract). Full abstract read by the verifier, 3 Nov 2026. Linear extrapolation about 5%/yr (site arithmetic), so Goudriaan's 1.2%/yr is not a cross-study ceiling.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-approaches-005" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-192", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Reductions of Plastic Microbeads from Personal Care Products in Wastewater Effluents and Lake Waters Following Regulatory Actions", "authors": [ "Akhbarizadeh R", "Yu JT", "Ead L", "Nicholls E", "Thibeau J", "Lanisa M", "Wakai M", "Marquez A", "Miller C", "Sims A", "Diamond ML", "Helm PA" ], "year": 2024, "journal_or_publisher": "ACS ES&T Water 4(2):492–499", "doi": "10.1021/acsestwater.3c00526", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.3c00526", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "policy", "prevention", "solutions" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Observational before/after study: effluent of two Toronto WWTPs 2016–2019, Lake Ontario 2015 and 2018. Irregular PE microbeads (visual key, ATR-FTIR on a subset, size cutoff 335–363 µm) fell 86% and 76% (WWTP A, B) between 2016–2017 and 2018–2019 (Mann–Whitney p<0.05), after US (2017) and Canadian (2018) restrictions; unregulated spherical wax beads unchanged (0.5–2.3 particles/m3). Full text read via Europe PMC (PMC10863612), 3 Nov 2026. License CC BY-NC-ND (cite only).", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-approaches-006" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-193", "type": "web", "title": "International Cooperation on Plastic Pollution (update page)", "authors": [ "Geneva Environment Network" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Geneva Environment Network", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.genevaenvironmentnetwork.org/resources/updates/international-cooperation-on-plastic-pollution/", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "policy", "events", "history" ], "evidence_hint": "P", "note": "Read 3 Nov 2026 (HTTP 200): the fifth session 'resumed from 5 to 15 August 2025 in Geneva (INC-5.2), but was adjourned to convene at a future date as no consensus was achieved'; INC-5.3 on 7 Feb 2026 elected Chair Julio Cordano. Same URL as S-193 and S-193 (librarian: dedupe). Used because unep.org blocks automated access and its page does not state the outcome. [events unit note] EVENT. Quotes the UNEP save-the-date: INC-5.4 'is scheduled to take place within the period of 13 to 24 March 2027, in a venue to be announced' (UNEP document wedocs 20.500.11822/49558). Used because unep.org and wedocs.unep.org return HTTP 403 to automated checks. [policy unit note] Read 3 Nov 2026 (page last updated 28 Sep 2026). Session dates INC-1 to INC-5.2, INC-5.3 on 7 Feb 2026 electing Julio Cordano (Chile), Chair's letters, Aid to Negotiations 8 Aug 2026, INC-5.4 within 13-24 Mar 2027, venue to be announced. Used because unep.org blocks automated access.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-approaches-007", "N-events-007", "N-policy-002" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-194", "type": "report", "title": "Policy Handbook Establishing a Standard Method of Testing and Reporting of Microplastics in Drinking Water (adopted 7 September 2022)", "authors": [ "California State Water Resources Control Board" ], "year": 2022, "journal_or_publisher": "California State Water Resources Control Board", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/docs/2022/mp-hndbk.pdf", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water", "human" ], "topics": [ "policy", "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "P", "note": "PDF read 3 Nov 2026: Phase I (fall 2023 to fall 2025) tests drinking-water sources; labs report microplastics from 50 µm or the method's minimum size, whichever is smaller (6.2.1.1.3); approved methods assess particles above 20 µm; Phase II (fall 2026 to fall 2028) planned for treated water down to 5 µm; dates 'approximate, are not binding'. Same document as S-194 (librarian: dedupe). [gaps unit note] PDF read 2026-11-03. Definition: particles with three dimensions > 1 nm and < 5,000 µm (adopted 16 June 2020). Phase I (fall 2023–fall 2025, source water): laboratories report at minimum particles ≥ 50 µm or the method minimum (Raman SOP 20 µm), whichever is smaller. Phase II (fall 2026–fall 2028, treated water): particles as small as 5 µm or the smallest size ELAP accredits. No limit value. [policy unit note] Official handbook read 3 Nov 2026: Phase I (fall 2023 to fall 2025) source water, labs must report at least particles from 50 µm or the method minimum; Phase II (fall 2026 to fall 2028) finished water down to 5 µm or the smallest accredited size; dates 'approximate, not binding'.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-approaches-008", "N-gaps-013", "N-policy-015" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-195", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Investigations of airborne tire and brake wear particles using a novel vehicle design", "authors": [ "Löber M", "Bondorf L", "Grein T", "Reiland S", "Wieser S", "Epple F", "Philipps F", "Schripp T" ], "year": 2024, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science and Pollution Research 31(40):53521–53531", "doi": "10.1007/s11356-024-34543-9", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-34543-9", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "air" ], "topics": [ "prevention", "solutions" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "DLR ZEDU-1 demonstrator vehicle: tire-wear particle extraction by ventilation/filtering and an enclosed multi-disk brake; particle number and size distribution down to 2.5 nm on a chassis dynamometer and a test track; about 30% fewer particles emitted with the multi-disk brake than with a conventional brake. Endpoint is all particles, not plastic. Abstract read via Europe PMC, 3 Nov 2026.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-approaches-009" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-196", "type": "review", "title": "Review: Mitigation measures to reduce tire and road wear particles", "authors": [ "Gehrke I", "Schläfle S", "Bertling R", "Öz M", "Gregory K" ], "year": 2023, "journal_or_publisher": "Science of the Total Environment 904:166537", "doi": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166537", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166537", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "air", "water" ], "topics": [ "prevention", "solutions", "gaps" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Review of about 500 sources on tire and road wear particle mitigation: no standardized methods for tire abrasion testing and environmental measurement; 'Field tests and pilot studies are highly needed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the abatement measures under real conditions.' Abstract read via Europe PMC, 3 Nov 2026. Erratum: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167738 (Crossref update notice, found at merge).", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-approaches-010" ], "corrected_by_notices": [ "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167738" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-197", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Biodegradable mulch enhances cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) yield via microplastic reduction and P cycling microbes modulation", "authors": [ "Liu S", "Zhang A", "Guo H", "Min W" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Field Crops Research 336:110217", "doi": "10.1016/j.fcr.2025.110217", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2025.110217", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "soil" ], "topics": [ "prevention", "solutions" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Field comparison in cotton of long-term conventional vs biodegradable mulch film: biodegradable film significantly reduced polyethylene and PVC microplastic contents in soil. Duration, size window and plot numbers not in the abstract (abstract read via Europe PMC/AGRICOLA, 3 Nov 2026).", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-approaches-011" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-198", "type": "preprint", "title": "Global continental and oceanic emissions of atmospheric microplastics inferred from pattern-restricted Bayesian inversion", "authors": [ "Tichý O", "Košík V", "Eckhardt S", "Evangeliou N", "Šmídl V" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "EGUsphere (preprint, open for discussion, not peer reviewed)", "doi": "10.5194/egusphere-2026-5158", "url": "https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5158", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "air", "water" ], "topics": [ "sources", "scenario-model", "dispute" ], "evidence_hint": "D", "note": "Posted 22 Sep 2026. Bayesian inversion of remote deposition data: 1,001 ± 781 Gg/yr for 5–250 µm, ocean 763 ± 611 Gg/yr dominant; directly contests Evangelou et al. 2026 (S-052). Preprint: mark as such. Status checked 3 Nov 2026: open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics; discussion open until 11 Nov 2026; Referee #1 comment posted 13 Oct 2026. Abstract: road dust 51 ± 31, agriculture 170 ± 125, bare soil 17 ± 14 Gg/yr.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-atmosphere-001" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-199", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Sources and fate of atmospheric microplastics revealed from inverse and dispersion modelling: From global emissions to deposition", "authors": [ "Evangeliou N", "Tichý O", "Eckhardt S", "Zwaaftink CG", "Brahney J" ], "year": 2022, "journal_or_publisher": "Journal of Hazardous Materials 432:128585", "doi": "10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128585", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128585", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "air", "water" ], "topics": [ "sources", "transport", "scenario-model", "mass-budget" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Top-down inversion from western US data: global MP emissions 9.6 ± 3.6 Tg/yr and microfibers 6.5 ± 2.9 Tg/yr; the 'TD-E' inventory tested in S-052. Same value as the site's high air scenario (9.6 Mt/yr). Checked 3 Nov 2026 (author-repository PDF): ocean 8.9 ± 3.5 Tg/yr of the 9.6 total; Brahney 2021 total cited there as 8.7 Tg/yr. [flows unit note] Bayesian inverse model constrained by western US deposition observations and extrapolated globally: 9.6 ± 3.6 Tg/yr of microplastics (five size bins, 5–250 µm) and, separately, 6.5 ± 2.9 Tg/yr of microfibers emitted to the atmosphere; 0.418 ± 0.201 Tg/yr transported land to ocean. Figures checked 2026-11-03 in the full text (author repository, folk.nilu.no). Historical air preset of model v7 (v6 air 'high'). Same work as S-199 (librarian: merge). Crossref checked 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-atmosphere-002", "N-flows-001" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-200", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Global atmospheric distribution of microplastics with evidence of low oceanic emissions", "authors": [ "Yang S", "Brasseur G", "Walters S", "Lichtig P", "Li CWY" ], "year": 2025, "journal_or_publisher": "npj Climate and Atmospheric Science 8:81", "doi": "10.1038/s41612-025-00914-3", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-00914-3", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "air", "water" ], "topics": [ "sources", "transport", "scenario-model", "dispute" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Global model with a low ocean flux: ocean ~0.008% of emissions but ~15% of deposition, acting mainly as a sink. Model estimate.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-atmosphere-003" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-201", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Occurrence and backtracking of microplastic mass loads including tire wear particles in northern Atlantic air", "authors": [ "Goßmann I", "Herzke D", "Held A", "Schulz J", "Nikiforov V", "Georgi C", "Evangeliou N", "Eckhardt S", "et al." ], "year": 2023, "journal_or_publisher": "Nature Communications 14:3707", "doi": "10.1038/s41467-023-39340-5", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39340-5", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "air", "water" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "transport", "sources", "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Ship-based air sampling along the Norwegian coast to Bear Island, py-GC/MS: MP up to 37.5 ng/m³, tire wear up to 35 ng/m³, PET up to 1.5 ng/m³. Counts tire wear as plastic.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-atmosphere-004" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-202", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Synthetic fibers in atmospheric fallout: A source of microplastics in the environment?", "authors": [ "Dris R", "Gasperi J", "Saad M", "Mirande C", "Tassin B" ], "year": 2016, "journal_or_publisher": "Marine Pollution Bulletin 104:290–293", "doi": "10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.01.006", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.01.006", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "air" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "sources", "landmark" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "First atmospheric fallout study (Paris area, one urban and one suburban site): 2–355 particles/m²/day, mostly fibers, ~29% synthetic or mixed; 3–10 t/yr of fibers on 2,500 km². Abstract checked via IP Paris research portal.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-atmosphere-005" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-203", "type": "journal-article", "title": "A first overview of textile fibers, including microplastics, in indoor and outdoor environments", "authors": [ "Dris R", "Gasperi J", "Mirande C", "Mandin C", "Guerrouache M", "Langlois V", "Tassin B" ], "year": 2017, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Pollution 221:453–458", "doi": "10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.013", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.013", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "air", "human" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "exposure" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Paris area: indoor 1.0–60.0 fibers/m³ (two apartments, one office) vs outdoor 0.3–1.5 fibers/m³; 33% of indoor fibers petrochemical, mostly PP. Counts all fibers, natural included.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-atmosphere-006" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-204", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Airborne hydrophilic microplastics in cloud water at high altitudes and their role in cloud formation", "authors": [ "Wang Y", "Okochi H", "Tani Y", "Hayami H", "Minami Y", "Katsumi N", "Takeuchi M", "Sorimachi A", "et al." ], "year": 2023, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Chemistry Letters 21:3055–3062", "doi": "10.1007/s10311-023-01626-x", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-023-01626-x", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "air" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "transport", "climate" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Cloud water on Japanese summits (1,300–3,776 m, incl. Mount Fuji), ATR imaging and µFTIR: 6.7–13.9 particles/L, Feret diameters 7.1–94.6 µm, nine polymer types. CC BY 4.0. [evidence-system unit note] Cloud water at Japanese mountain sites (1,300–3,776 m, incl. Mount Fuji summit), ATR imaging + micro-FTIR; 6.7–13.9 pieces/L, 7.1–94.6 µm; CC BY 4.0. Abstract read; sample count not checked in full text.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-atmosphere-007", "N-evidence-system-001" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-205", "type": "web", "title": "Expert reaction to a study investigating global atmospheric microplastic emissions", "authors": [ "Science Media Centre (UK)" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Science Media Centre, London", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-a-study-investigating-global-atmospheric-microplastic-emissions/", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "air" ], "topics": [ "dispute", "sources" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "21 Jan 2026 expert comments on S-052: Abolfathi (Warwick), Harrison (UKCEH; declares Cefic and BASF funding), Lampitt (NOC). Expert opinion, not peer review.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-atmosphere-008" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-206", "type": "web", "title": "A study claims that atmospheric microplastic emissions may be overestimated", "authors": [ "Science Media Centre Spain" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "SMC España", "doi": null, "url": "https://sciencemediacentre.es/en/study-claims-atmospheric-microplastic-emissions-may-be-overestimated", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "air" ], "topics": [ "dispute", "sources" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "21 Jan 2026 expert comments on S-052: Rosal (Alcalá) and Pérez (Valladolid, limitations: multi-year data, sparse sites, outlier-sensitive correlation). Expert opinion, not peer review.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-atmosphere-009" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-207", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Evidence of free tropospheric and long-range transport of microplastic at Pic du Midi Observatory", "authors": [ "Allen S", "Allen D", "Baladima F", "Phoenix VR", "Thomas JL", "Le Roux G", "Sonke JE" ], "year": 2021, "journal_or_publisher": "Nature Communications 12:7242", "doi": "10.1038/s41467-021-27454-7", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27454-7", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "air" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "transport" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Pic du Midi Observatory, 2,877 m, French Pyrenees: high-volume PM10 sampler, 15 samples, 23 June to 23 October 2017, µ-Raman (smallest characterized particle 3.5 µm); 0.09–0.66 particles/m³ in free-tropospheric air; back-trajectories over the Atlantic and Mediterranean (intercontinental, transoceanic). CC BY 4.0. Crossref and Europe PMC full text (PMC8692471) checked 3 Nov 2026. Matches L1 candidate IMG-atmosphere-03-a.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-atmosphere-010" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-208", "type": "journal-article", "title": "First evidence of microplastics in Antarctic snow", "authors": [ "Aves AR", "Revell LE", "Gaw S", "Ruffell H", "Schuddeboom A", "Wotherspoon NE", "LaRue M", "McDonald AJ" ], "year": 2022, "journal_or_publisher": "The Cryosphere 16:2127–2145", "doi": "10.5194/tc-16-2127-2022", "url": "https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2127-2022", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "air" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "transport" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Ross Island, Antarctica, 19 snow sites, late 2019 (remote sites 30 Nov to 2 Dec 2019), µFTIR: microplastics in every sample, mean 29 particles/L meltwater (22.5 remote, 47.2 near Scott Base and McMurdo Station), 50–3,510 µm, PET most common. Back-trajectories: potential transport up to 6,000 km (6.5-day residence assumed); research stations a possible local source. CC BY 4.0. Crossref and publisher full text checked 3 Nov 2026.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-atmosphere-011" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-209", "type": "standard", "title": "Guidelines for retracting articles (COPE Retraction guidelines)", "authors": [ "Barbour V", "Kleinert S", "Wager E", "Yentis S" ], "year": 2019, "journal_or_publisher": "Committee on Publication Ethics", "doi": "10.24318/cope.2019.1.4", "url": "https://doi.org/10.24318/cope.2019.1.4", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "correction" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "COPE guidance on retractions, corrections and expressions of concern. Crossref title matches; Crossref lists the original issue date 1 September 2009 for this DOI (the DOI carries the 2019 revision). Publisher page and PDF return HTTP 403 to automated access; the primary 2019 text was read by the verifier in the Wayback Machine snapshot of 2 January 2025 (https://web.archive.org/web/20250102035451/https://publicationethics.org/guidance/guideline/retraction-guidelines), which records '2019 Version 2 published' and contains the correction criterion.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-contact-001" ], "year_note": "Crossref \"issued\" 2009 = date of the original COPE guidelines; this DOI identifies the 2019 revision", "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-210", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Retractions: Guidance from the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)", "authors": [ "Wager E", "Barbour V", "Yentis S", "Kleinert S" ], "year": 2009, "journal_or_publisher": "Croatian Medical Journal 50(6):532-535", "doi": "10.3325/cmj.2009.50.532", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3325/cmj.2009.50.532", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "correction" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "Peer-journal publication of the COPE retraction guidance: retraction if findings are unreliable; expression of concern for inconclusive evidence; retraction not usually needed for authorship changes; correction for a small misleading portion of an otherwise reliable work. Crossref title verified 3 November 2026. Full text read on PMC (PMC2802086) by the verifier, 3 November 2026.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-contact-002" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-211", "type": "web", "title": "Corrections and Version Control (ICMJE Recommendations, Section III.A)", "authors": [ "International Committee of Medical Journal Editors" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "International Committee of Medical Journal Editors", "doi": "", "url": "https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/publishing-and-editorial-issues/corrections-and-version-control.html", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "correction" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "Minimum standards for correcting honest error: correction notice as soon as possible, new version listing the dates and details of changes, archive of all prior versions. Page shows no section date (site copyright 2026); read 3 November 2026.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-contact-003" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-212", "type": "report", "title": "Proceedings of the International Research Workshop on the Occurrence, Effects and Fate of Microplastic Marine Debris (September 9–11, 2008). NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS-OR&R-30", "authors": [ "Arthur C (ed.)", "Baker J (ed.)", "Bamford H (ed.)" ], "year": 2009, "journal_or_publisher": "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Silver Spring, MD", "doi": null, "url": "https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/live/s3fs-public/publications-files/TM_NOS-ORR_30.pdf", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water", "global" ], "topics": [ "definition", "history" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "Origin of the 5 mm upper bound: 'The Workshop participants defined microplastics as plastic particles smaller than 5mm' (p. 10 of the PDF); no lower bound required; 333 µm net mesh noted as a practical floor. Full text read on 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-definition-001" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-213", "type": "web", "title": "Commission Recommendation of 10 June 2022 on the definition of nanomaterial (2022/C 229/01)", "authors": [ "European Commission" ], "year": 2022, "journal_or_publisher": "Official Journal of the European Union C 229, 14.6.2022, p. 1–5", "doi": null, "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32022H0614(01)", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "definition", "policy", "standards" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "Point 1 (checked in the English Official Journal text via the Publications Office cellar, 2026-11-03): a natural, incidental or manufactured material consisting of solid particles, on their own or as identifiable constituent particles in aggregates or agglomerates, where 50% or more of particles in the number-based size distribution have (a) one or more external dimensions in 1–100 nm, (b) an elongated shape with two dimensions <1 nm and one >100 nm, or (c) a plate-like shape with one dimension <1 nm and the others >100 nm. Particles with at least two orthogonal external dimensions >100 µm need not be considered; a material with a volume-specific surface area <6 m²/cm³ is not a nanomaterial. Point 2: single molecules are not particles. EUR-Lex itself blocks automated access; the OJ text was read at http://publications.europa.eu/resource/oj/JOC_2022_229_R_0001.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-definition-002" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 202 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-214", "type": "report", "title": "REACH restriction of synthetic polymer microparticles (Entry 78 of Annex XVII REACH, as introduced by Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/2055): Explanatory Guide, Version 1.1", "authors": [ "European Commission" ], "year": 2025, "journal_or_publisher": "European Commission (CIRCABC)", "doi": null, "url": "https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/circabc-ewpp/d/d/workspace/SpacesStore/7f416aa0-21ab-4b9e-9809-b5d7087c9501/download", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "definition", "policy" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "Explanatory Guide v1.1 (read in the PDF on 2026-11-03). SPM: solid polymers contained in particles at ≥ 1% by weight or forming a continuous surface coating, where ≥ 1% by weight of those particles have all dimensions ≤ 5 mm or (fiber-like, L/D > 3) length ≤ 15 mm. Excluded: natural non-chemically-modified polymers, degradable (Appendix 15), soluble > 2 g/L (Appendix 16), polymers without carbon. Ban on placing on the market on their own or in mixtures ≥ 0.01% w/w where present to confer a sought-after characteristic; derogations in paragraphs 4, 5 and 16; transitional periods in paragraph 6; unintentional presence (e.g. breakdown of packaging) not covered. 'Entry 78 does not set a lower size limit'; temporary 0.1 µm (0.3 µm fibre-like) lower size limit for enforcement only.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-definition-003" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-215", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Rethinking microplastics as a diverse contaminant suite", "authors": [ "Rochman CM", "Brookson C", "Bikker J", "Djuric N", "Earn A", "Bucci K", "Athey S", "Huntington A", "et al." ], "year": 2019, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 38(4):703–711", "doi": "10.1002/etc.4371", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.4371", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "definition", "sources" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Shape categories (fiber, fiber bundle, fragment, sphere/bead, pellet, film, foam), primary vs secondary, common polymers, additive classes (phthalates up to 50% of PVC weight), sorbed pollutants, density and float/sink. Title checked against Crossref on 2026-11-03. FIXER 2026-11-03: no longer cited in the unit; the shape, additive and sorption statements could not be checked in the full text (Wiley 403; no open copy reachable) and were re-sourced to S-005, S-230 and S-017.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-definition-004" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-216", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Are There Nanoplastics in Your Personal Care Products?", "authors": [ "Hernandez LM", "Yousefi N", "Tufenkji N" ], "year": 2017, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science & Technology Letters 4(7):280–285", "doi": "10.1021/acs.estlett.7b00187", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.7b00187", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water", "global" ], "topics": [ "sources", "definition" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Three facial scrubs with ~0.2 mm PE microbeads also contained PE nanoparticles 24 ± 6 to 52 ± 14 nm (SEM, XPS, FTIR) after sequential filtration. Single study. Title checked against Crossref on 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-definition-005" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-217", "type": "review", "title": "Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Aquatic Environments: Aggregation, Deposition, and Enhanced Contaminant Transport", "authors": [ "Alimi OS", "Farner Budarz J", "Hernandez LM", "Tufenkji N" ], "year": 2018, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science & Technology 52(4):1704–1724", "doi": "10.1021/acs.est.7b05559", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b05559", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "water", "soil" ], "topics": [ "fate", "transport" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Critical review of nano- and microplastic aggregation and deposition and of contaminant sorption (PE generally sorbs more than other plastics). Title checked against Crossref on 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-definition-006" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-218", "type": "review", "title": "Interaction of nanoplastics with extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in the aquatic environment: A special reference to eco-corona formation and associated impacts", "authors": [ "Junaid M", "Wang J" ], "year": 2021, "journal_or_publisher": "Water Research 201:117319", "doi": "10.1016/j.watres.2021.117319", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117319", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "fate" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Review: EPS and natural organic matter coat nanoplastics to form an eco-corona that changes their properties, fate and bioreactivity; composition depends on biomolecules, particle and water chemistry; field studies lacking. Title checked against Crossref on 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-definition-007" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-219", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Biomolecular coronas provide the biological identity of nanosized materials", "authors": [ "Monopoli MP", "Åberg C", "Salvati A", "Dawson KA" ], "year": 2012, "journal_or_publisher": "Nature Nanotechnology 7(12):779–786", "doi": "10.1038/nnano.2012.207", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2012.207", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "fate" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Landmark review from nanoscience (not plastic-specific): in biological fluids, adsorbed biomolecules form a corona that defines what cells encounter. Title checked against Crossref on 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-definition-008" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-220", "type": "report", "title": "State of the science on plastic chemicals: Identifying and addressing chemicals and polymers of concern (PlastChem report and database v1.0)", "authors": [ "Wagner M", "Monclús L", "Arp HPH", "Groh KJ", "Løseth ME", "et al." ], "year": 2024, "journal_or_publisher": "Zenodo (PlastChem project)", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.10701706", "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10701706", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global", "human" ], "topics": [ "toxicology", "policy" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Report PDF read by the verifier on 2026-11-03: 'at least 16 000 known plastic chemicals' (16,325 compounds identified); 'More than 4200 plastic chemicals are of concern' (persistent, bioaccumulative, mobile and/or toxic). DataCite metadata checked 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-definition-009" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "doi.org resolves (registration agency DataCite; not in Crossref)", "doi_agency": "DataCite" }, { "id": "S-221", "type": "review", "title": "Microplastics in waters and soils: Occurrence, analytical methods and ecotoxicological effects", "authors": [ "Wu M", "Yang C", "Du C", "Liu H" ], "year": 2020, "journal_or_publisher": "Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 202:110910", "doi": "10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110910", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110910", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water", "soil" ], "topics": [ "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Table 3 lists polymer densities used here: PE 0.92–0.97, PP 0.90–0.91, PS 1.04–1.10, PVC 1.16–1.58, PET 1.37–1.45 g/cm³. Read in Europe PMC (PMC7324347) on 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-definition-010" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-222", "type": "report", "title": "Cell Biology by the Numbers", "authors": [ "Milo R", "Phillips R" ], "year": 2015, "journal_or_publisher": "Garland Science", "doi": "10.1201/9780429258770", "url": "https://book.bionumbers.org/", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human", "global" ], "topics": [ "numbers", "scale" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "Reference book with sourced biological numbers (BNIDs); free online edition. Used sections: red blood cell diameter 7–8 µm (How big is a human cell?), E. coli about 1 µm wide and 2 µm long (How big is an E. coli cell?), lipid bilayer about 4 nm, whole membrane reported between 4 and 10 nm (What is the thickness of the cell membrane?). DOI title checked against Crossref 2026-11-03. Type is a book; 'report' used as the closest schema type. [definition unit note] Reference sizes: soluble proteins 3–6 nm; viruses tens to several hundred nm (a bacteriophage ~70 nm); E. coli ~1 µm wide, ~2 µm long; red blood cell 7–8 µm diameter. Pages read on 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-definition-011", "N-journey-005" ], "alt_urls": [ "http://book.bionumbers.org/" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-223", "type": "journal-article", "title": "A Scale of Grade and Class Terms for Clastic Sediments", "authors": [ "Wentworth CK" ], "year": 1922, "journal_or_publisher": "The Journal of Geology 30(5):377–392", "doi": "10.1086/622910", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1086/622910", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "soil" ], "topics": [ "numbers" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "The standard grain-size scale: sand from 1/16 mm (62.5 µm) to 2 mm. Used only as a reference object on the size scale. Title checked against Crossref on 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-definition-012" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-224", "type": "web", "title": "How do we measure the density of sea water? (US GLOBEC Georges Bank program note)", "authors": [ "Manning J" ], "year": 2001, "journal_or_publisher": "Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, US GLOBEC Georges Bank data pages", "doi": null, "url": "https://gb11.whoi.edu/globec-dir/sea_water_density_description.html", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "numbers" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Typical seawater density about 1,026 kg/m³ (1.026 g/cm³); shelf values 1,023–1,028 kg/m³. Page is marked DRAFT; year from secondary citation; used only for a reference line. Read on 2026-11-03. FIXER 2026-11-03: superseded by S-225 (TEOS-10); no longer cited.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-definition-013" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-225", "type": "standard", "title": "The international thermodynamic equation of seawater – 2010: Calculation and use of thermodynamic properties (TEOS-10). Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Manuals and Guides No. 56", "authors": [ "IOC", "SCOR", "IAPSO" ], "year": 2010, "journal_or_publisher": "UNESCO (English)", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.teos-10.org/pubs/TEOS-10_Manual.pdf", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "numbers" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "International standard equation of state for seawater (and pure water). Densities used on the page are our calculation with the official Gibbs SeaWater (GSW) toolbox, gsw-python, rho_t_exact at sea pressure 0: absolute salinity 0 g/kg, 20 °C: 998.21 kg/m³; 35 g/kg: 1027.97 (0 °C), 1026.83 (10 °C), 1024.64 (20 °C), 1023.22 (25 °C) kg/m³. Manual PDF reached (HTTP 200) and title checked on 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-definition-014" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-226", "type": "journal-article", "title": "New International Formulation for the Viscosity of H2O", "authors": [ "Huber ML", "Perkins RA", "Laesecke A", "Friend DG", "Sengers JV", "Assael MJ", "et al." ], "year": 2009, "journal_or_publisher": "Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 38(2):101–125", "doi": "10.1063/1.3088050", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3088050", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "numbers" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "IAPWS 2008 viscosity formulation. Value used: 1.0016 mPa·s for liquid water at 20 °C and 0.101325 MPa, computed with CoolProp's implementation of this formulation on 2026-11-03 (rounded to 1.002 mPa·s). Crossref metadata checked 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-definition-015" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-227", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Comment on \"Plastic Teabags Release Billions of Microparticles and Nanoparticles into Tea\"", "authors": [ "Busse K", "Ebner I", "Humpf HU", "Ivleva N", "Kaeppler A", "Oßmann BE", "Schymanski D" ], "year": 2020, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science & Technology 54(21):14134–14135", "doi": "10.1021/acs.est.0c03182", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c03182", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "measurement", "sources" ], "evidence_hint": "D", "note": "Published comment arguing that drying the teabag extracts let dissolved PA/PET oligomers precipitate and be counted as particles; micro-Raman of individual particles found 5,800–20,400 microplastic particles > 1 µm per bag. Co-author I. Ebner is affiliated with BfR. Crossref metadata and author affiliations (OpenAlex record) checked 2026-11-03; full text not reachable (publisher 403, OpenAgrar bot check); content as reported in S-229.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-definition-016" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-228", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Response to Comment on \"Plastic Teabags Release Billions of Microparticles and Nanoparticles into Tea\"", "authors": [ "Hernandez LM", "Xu EG", "Larsson HCE", "Tahara R", "Maisuria VB", "Tufenkji N" ], "year": 2020, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science & Technology 54(21):14136–14137", "doi": "10.1021/acs.est.0c06422", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c06422", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "measurement", "sources" ], "evidence_hint": "D", "note": "Authors' reply: Busse et al. confirm that plastic teabags release plastic particles; the two studies used different approaches and techniques and cannot be compared (first paragraph, OpenAlex record); leachate suspensions were measured directly by nanoparticle tracking analysis to estimate submicrometer particle numbers (publisher text as indexed by search, 2026-11-03). Full text blocked (403) for direct reading. Crossref metadata checked 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-definition-017" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-229", "type": "report", "title": "BfR assesses study on tea bags and microplastic particles. Communication 029/2025", "authors": [ "German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR)" ], "year": 2025, "journal_or_publisher": "Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung, Berlin, 5 August 2025", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.bfr.bund.de/assets/01_Ver%C3%B6ffentlichungen/Mitteilungen_englisch/bfr-assesses-study-on-tea-bags-and-microplastic-particles.pdf", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "measurement", "sources" ], "evidence_hint": "D", "note": "Read in the PDF on 2026-11-03. Summarizes Hernandez et al. 2019 size bins (2.3 million particles > 1 µm; 14.7 billion < 1 µm, of which 3.1 billion < 100 nm) and Busse et al. 2020 (micro-Raman, 5,800–20,400 particles > 1 µm per bag; particles already on the bag surface; dried residue likely oligomers). States that Hernandez et al.'s 2020 response does not address the main criticism. BfR is a party to the dispute (co-author of Busse et al.).", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-definition-018" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-230", "type": "review", "title": "An overview of chemical additives present in plastics: Migration, release, fate and environmental impact during their use, disposal and recycling", "authors": [ "Hahladakis JN", "Velis CA", "Weber R", "Iacovidou E", "Purnell P" ], "year": 2018, "journal_or_publisher": "Journal of Hazardous Materials 344:179–199", "doi": "10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.10.014", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.10.014", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "toxicology", "sources" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "CC BY. Read in the White Rose repository copy on 2026-11-03. Table 1: plasticizers typically 10–70% w/w, about 80% used in PVC; phthalates and adipates the most common plasticizers in PVC, PVA and PE; additive classes (functional additives, colorants, fillers, reinforcements); common polymers PP, PE, PVC, PS, PET, PU; marine PP pieces with PCB and DDE at 10⁵–10⁶ times seawater concentrations (citing one study). Crossref metadata checked 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-definition-019" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-231", "type": "web", "title": "Particulate Matter (PM) Basics", "authors": [ "US Environmental Protection Agency" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "US EPA, last updated 18 September 2026", "doi": "", "url": "https://www.epa.gov/pm-pollution/particulate-matter-pm-basics", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "air", "global" ], "topics": [ "numbers", "scale" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "'The average human hair is about 70 micrometers in diameter'. Used only as a reference object on the size scale. Page read on 2026-11-03. [journey unit note] States that the average human hair is about 70 micrometers in diameter, 30 times larger than the largest fine particle (PM2.5). Page last updated 18 September 2026; checked 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-definition-020", "N-journey-004" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-232", "type": "web", "title": "ACS Meetings & Expos: Future ACS Meetings", "authors": [ "American Chemical Society" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "American Chemical Society", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.acs.org/events/acs-meetings/future-meetings.html", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "events" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "EVENT. Lists ACS Spring 2027 as 21–25 March 2027, New Orleans, LA. Live page blocks automated requests (Incapsula); read via Wayback snapshot of 20 October 2026.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-events-001" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-233", "type": "web", "title": "ACS Spring 2027 Call for Abstracts: Division of Analytical Chemistry", "authors": [ "American Chemical Society" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "American Chemical Society", "doi": null, "url": "https://callforabstracts.acs.org/acsspring2027/ANYL", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "events" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "EVENT. Oral contributed symposium 'Microplastics and Nanoplastics in the Environment: Methods, Modeling, Fate, Toxicity, and Sustainable Solutions'; submission deadline 28 September 2026 (also listed under PMSE). Opened 3 November 2026.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-events-002" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-234", "type": "web", "title": "EGU General Assembly 2027: Session programme", "authors": [ "European Geosciences Union", "Copernicus Meetings" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Copernicus Meetings", "doi": null, "url": "https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU27/sessionprogramme", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "air", "water", "soil" ], "topics": [ "events" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "EVENT. Nine distinct sessions with 'plastic' in the title, recounted 3 November 2026 across 23 programme groups (AS, BG, CL, CR, ERE, ESSI, G, GD, GI, GM, GMPV, HS, ITS, NH, NP, OS, PS, SM, SSS, SSP, ST, TS, EOS): AS3.15, HS2.3.6, HS2.3.7, HS8.1.7, ITS5.11/HS12.7, ITS5.12/HS12.6, OS4.13, SSS7.1, SSS7.2.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-events-003" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-235", "type": "web", "title": "MICROM 2027: International Conference on Microplastics, Nanoplastics and Emerging Contaminants", "authors": [ "Educons University" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Educons University", "doi": null, "url": "https://micromconference.com/", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "events" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "EVENT. 8–9 April 2027, Novi Sad, Serbia; 'Abstract submission will open shortly'; site footer credits Educons University. Opened 3 November 2026.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-events-004" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-236", "type": "web", "title": "AFS Opens Call for Abstracts for FILTCON27", "authors": [ "American Filtration and Separations Society" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "American Filtration and Separations Society", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.afssociety.org/afs-opens-call-for-abstracts-for-filtcon27/", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water", "air" ], "topics": [ "events" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "EVENT. 20–22 April 2027, Embassy Suites by Hilton Raleigh-Durham/Research Triangle, North Carolina; featured theme 'Microplastics in Filtration and Nonwovens'; abstracts due 25 November 2026.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-events-005" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-237", "type": "web", "title": "Environmental micro and nano-plastic identification and characterisation workshop 2027", "authors": [ "University of Birmingham" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "University of Birmingham", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/events/environmental-micro-and-nano-plastic-identification-and-characterisation-workshop-2027", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "events", "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "EVENT. Five-day short course, 1–5 February 2027, Molecular Science Building, Edgbaston, Birmingham; fee GBP 880; registration 'coming soon'.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-events-006" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-238", "type": "press", "title": "Press registration open for 2026 AGU annual meeting", "authors": [ "American Geophysical Union" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "American Geophysical Union", "doi": null, "url": "https://news.agu.org/press-release/press-registration-open-for-2026-agu-annual-meeting/", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "events" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "EVENT. AGU26: 7–11 December 2026, Moscone Center, San Francisco; recordings on demand within 72 hours, no livestream of the scientific program; conference hotel booking closes 19 November.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-events-008" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-239", "type": "web", "title": "ICCE 2027: Important dates", "authors": [ "University of Gdańsk", "EuChemS Division of Chemistry and the Environment" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "ICCE 2027 organizing committee", "doi": null, "url": "https://icce2027.com/important-dates", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "events" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "EVENT. 6–10 June 2027, Gdańsk; abstract submission 1 October 2026 to 15 February 2027; early registration 15 November 2026 to 30 March 2027. Scope names 'Emerging Pollutants & Microplastics'.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-events-009" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-240", "type": "web", "title": "Micro-Nano Plastics (MNP) in Water: Engineered Solutions. Program, speakers and abstract submission", "authors": [ "Engineering Conferences International" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Engineering Conferences International", "doi": null, "url": "https://engconf.org/conferences/civil-and-environmental-engineering/micro-nano-plastics-in-water/27aw-program-speakers-and-abstract-submission/", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "events" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "EVENT. Oral abstracts due 15 January 2027, poster abstracts 25 January 2027. Conference 4–8 July 2027, Davos (main page S-154).", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-events-010" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-241", "type": "web", "title": "SETAC Europe 37th Annual Meeting: Conference venue", "authors": [ "Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.setac.org/discover-events/global-meetings/setac-europe-37th-annual-meeting/general-info/conference-venue.html", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "events" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "EVENT. Venue is Palexpo, Route François-Peyrot 30, 1218 Le Grand-Saconnex (Geneva). Corrects the 'Geneva Congress Center' wording in the S-152 note.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-events-011" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-242", "type": "web", "title": "SETAC Europe 37th Annual Meeting: Scope and tracks", "authors": [ "Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.setac.org/discover-events/global-meetings/setac-europe-37th-annual-meeting/programme/scope-and-tracks.html", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "events" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "EVENT. Seven tracks; microplastics named in the descriptions of track 3 (environmental chemistry and exposure) and track 4 (risk assessment), not in track titles. The page links to a published session gallery (S-252).", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-events-012" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-243", "type": "web", "title": "MICROPLASTIC days 2027", "authors": [ "Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana", "Planterastics" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "University of Ljubljana", "doi": null, "url": "https://microplasticdays.fkkt.uni-lj.si/", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "events" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "EVENT. Third edition, 28 September to 1 October 2027, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana; topics include (bio)remediation of micro- and nanoplastics; no deadline published on 3 November 2026.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-events-013" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-244", "type": "web", "title": "INC: Activities leading up to INC-5.4", "authors": [ "United Nations Environment Programme" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "UNEP", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.unep.org/en/inc-plastic-pollution/activities", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "events", "policy" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "EVENT. Activities page, read 3 November 2026 through a reader proxy (live page returns 403 to direct requests): third informal in-person meeting of Heads of Delegation 28–30 January 2027, United Nations Office at Nairobi, HOD+5, English only, preceded by regional consultations 25–27 January. The Wayback snapshot of 22 October 2026 still showed only a 25 January–2 February window.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-events-014" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Wayback capture 20261014214126 (live HTTP 403)" }, { "id": "S-245", "type": "web", "title": "Briefing on the 2027 meetings of the Conferences of the Parties to the Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions", "authors": [ "Geneva Environment Network", "BRS Secretariat" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Geneva Environment Network", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.genevaenvironmentnetwork.org/events/briefing-on-the-2027-meetings-of-the-conferences-of-the-parties-to-the-basel-rotterdam-and-stockholm-conventions/", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "events", "policy" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "EVENT. BRS COPs 19–30 April 2027, Panama Convention Centre, Panama City; Basel COP-18 agenda item on plastic waste (Annex IX entry B3011); microplastics not mentioned.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-events-015" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-246", "type": "web", "title": "Plastics Workshop: Workshop for early career researchers (Kristineberg)", "authors": [ "Plastics Workshop organizers" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "microplasticsworkshop.com", "doi": null, "url": "https://microplasticsworkshop.com/", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "events" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "EVENT. Biennial; next edition 25–30 November 2028 at Kristineberg Marine Research Center, Sweden (outside the 2026–2027 window). Some aggregators still show an October 2027 date.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-events-016" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-247", "type": "web", "title": "MICRO conference series: past and next editions", "authors": [ "MICRO conference series" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "MICRO conference series", "doi": null, "url": "https://micro.infini.fr", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "events" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "EVENT. Lists editions 2016–2026; the newest entry links to MICRO 2026 (Cádiz). No 2028 edition announced on 3 November 2026.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-events-017" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-248", "type": "web", "title": "Call for Abstracts: AGU2026 Session on Multiscale Fate of Plastic in Aquatic Environments (EP023)", "authors": [ "Mancini M" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "AGU Connect, Earth and Planetary Surface Processes community", "doi": null, "url": "https://connect.agu.org/epsp/discussion/call-for-abstracts-agu2026-session-on-multiscale-fate-of-plastic-in-aquatic-environments-ep023", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "events" ], "evidence_hint": "P", "note": "EVENT. Conveners' call posted 11 July 2026 on AGU's community site, opened 3 November 2026: session 'EP023. Multiscale Fate of Plastic in Aquatic Environments: Transport Pathways, Mechanisms, and Controls' at AGU26, covering nano-, micro- and macroplastics; abstract deadline 5 August. Final program not inspected.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-events-018" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-249", "type": "report", "title": "Invitation: Third informal in-person meeting of Heads of Delegation to the INC (28-30 January 2027) and regional meetings (25-27 January 2027) in Nairobi, Kenya (UNEP-INC-2026-039)", "authors": [ "United Nations Environment Programme" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "UNEP, INC Secretariat", "doi": null, "url": "https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/50078", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "events", "policy" ], "evidence_hint": "P", "note": "EVENT. Letter dated 16 October 2026, read 3 November 2026 through a reader proxy (wedocs returns 403 to direct requests): HODs meeting 28–30 January 2027 at the United Nations Office at Nairobi; regional meetings up to three days, 25–27 January; registration deadline 8 January 2027, 23:59 East Africa Time; Members of the Committee register HOD+5; English only.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-events-019" ], "verified": "unreachable", "verified_via": "live HTTP 403; no Wayback capture" }, { "id": "S-250", "type": "report", "title": "Save the Date: Fourth part of the fifth session of the INC on plastic pollution (INC-5.4) within the period of 13 to 24 March 2027", "authors": [ "United Nations Environment Programme" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "UNEP, INC Secretariat", "doi": null, "url": "https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/49558", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "events", "policy" ], "evidence_hint": "P", "note": "EVENT. Notice dated 2 June 2026, read 3 November 2026 through a reader proxy: 'scheduled to take place within the period of 13 to 24 March 2027, its duration is still to be confirmed'; confirmed duration, specific dates and venue to follow in a formal invitation. [policy unit note] Official INC Secretariat notification dated 2 June 2026, read 2026-11-03 via the Internet Archive copy (live wedocs returns a Cloudflare challenge): INC-5.4 'scheduled to take place within the period of 13 to 24 March 2027'; duration, specific dates and venue still to be confirmed; hosting offers invited by end of June 2026. Replaces the earlier attribution to a 4 June listing.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-events-020", "N-policy-005" ], "alt_urls": [ "https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstreams/30073bd3-8844-4930-9046-9012f025cdfb/download" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Wayback CDX capture 20260608163608 (HTTP 303 redirect; live HTTP 403)" }, { "id": "S-251", "type": "web", "title": "INC-5: 25 November - 1 December 2024, Busan, Republic of Korea (session page)", "authors": [ "United Nations Environment Programme" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "UNEP", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.unep.org/inc-plastic-pollution/session-5", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "events", "policy" ], "evidence_hint": "P", "note": "Read 3 November 2026 through a reader proxy: UNEP press release of 2 December 2024 quoted on the page: countries 'adjourned their fifth session today with agreement on a Chair's Text that will serve as the starting point for negotiations at a resumed session in 2025'.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-events-021" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Wayback capture 20261004200005 (live HTTP 403)" }, { "id": "S-252", "type": "web", "title": "SETAC Europe 37th Annual Meeting: Session gallery", "authors": [ "Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry", "doi": null, "url": "https://setac.secure-platform.com/meetings/solicitations/102026/sessiongallery", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "events" ], "evidence_hint": "P", "note": "EVENT. Opened 3 November 2026 (first 60 sessions loaded, tracks 1–3): session 1.05 'Advancing Sub-Micron Bioimaging and Multi-Scale (Eco)Toxicology for Micro- and Nanoplastics, from Molecular Events to Human and Environmental Effects'; session 3.02 on plastic chemicals analytics. Remaining sessions not loaded.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-events-022" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-253", "type": "report", "title": "End plastic pollution: towards an international legally binding instrument (UNEP/EA.5/Res.14)", "authors": [ "United Nations Environment Assembly" ], "year": 2022, "journal_or_publisher": "United Nations Environment Programme", "doi": null, "url": "https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3999257/files/UNEP_EA.5_RES.14-EN.pdf", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "policy", "events", "history" ], "evidence_hint": "P", "note": "Resolution adopted 2 March 2022 that set up the INC; preamble: 'Recognizing that plastic pollution includes microplastics'. Basis for listing the treaty meetings. Opened 3 November 2026. [policy unit note] Official text read on 3 Nov 2026: adopted 2 March 2022; 'Recognizing that plastic pollution includes microplastics'; mandate to convene an INC from the second half of 2022 'with the ambition of completing its work by the end of 2024'; full life cycle approach.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-events-023", "N-policy-001" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-254", "type": "report", "title": "Sources, fate and effects of microplastics in the marine environment: part two of a global assessment (GESAMP Reports and Studies No. 93)", "authors": [ "GESAMP (Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection)", "Kershaw PJ (ed.)", "Rochman CM (ed.)" ], "year": 2016, "journal_or_publisher": "IMO/FAO/UNESCO-IOC/UNIDO/WMO/IAEA/UN/UNEP/UNDP/ISA Joint Group of Experts, London", "doi": "", "url": "https://www.gesamp.org/publications/microplastics-in-the-marine-environment-part-2", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water", "global" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "sources", "fate" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "UN expert-body assessment of marine microplastics; states that widespread fragmentation makes microplastics ubiquitous in the marine environment (section 2.2.2). Landing page checked 3 November 2026 (HTTP 200); no DOI.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-evidence-status-001" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-255", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Evidence of microplastic accumulation in agricultural soils from sewage sludge disposal", "authors": [ "Corradini F", "Meza P", "Eguiluz R", "Casado F", "Huerta-Lwanga E", "Geissen V" ], "year": 2019, "journal_or_publisher": "Science of The Total Environment 671:411–420", "doi": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.368", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.368", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "soil" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "sources" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "31 Chilean fields with 1–5 sludge applications: median soil counts rose from 1.1 to 3.5 particles/g with the number of applications; most particles were fibers. Crossref title checked 3 November 2026. [levels unit note] 31 Chilean farm fields over ten years: median microplastic count rises from 1.1 to 3.5 particles/g dry soil with 1 to 5 sludge applications (flotation and microscopy). Title checked against Crossref on 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-evidence-status-002", "N-levels-003" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-256", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Sewage sludge application as a vehicle for microplastics in eastern Spanish agricultural soils", "authors": [ "van den Berg P", "Huerta-Lwanga E", "Corradini F", "Geissen V" ], "year": 2020, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Pollution 261:114198", "doi": "10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114198", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114198", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "soil" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "sources" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "16 fields with 0–8 sludge applications near Valencia: soil microplastic loads rose with each application. Same research group as S-255. Crossref title checked 3 November 2026. [levels unit note] 16 fields in eastern Spain with 0–8 sludge applications: sludge-amended soils held roughly two to three times more microplastic particles per kg than unamended soils. Title checked against Crossref on 2026-11-03. [soil unit note] van den Berg et al. 2020: 16 fields in eastern Spain; each sludge application added about 280 light and 430 heavy microplastic particles per kg soil.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-evidence-status-003", "N-levels-004", "N-soil-007" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-257", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Investigating the dispersal of macro- and microplastics on agricultural fields 30 years after sewage sludge application", "authors": [ "Weber CJ", "Santowski A", "Chifflard P" ], "year": 2022, "journal_or_publisher": "Scientific Reports 12:6401", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-10294-w", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10294-w", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "soil" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "fate", "transport" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Two German fields 34 years after the last sludge application: macro- and microplastic loads still significantly higher on former application areas; ploughing spread the plastic. Independent of the Geissen group. Crossref title checked 3 November 2026. [soil unit note] Weber, Santowski & Chifflard 2022: two German fields 34 years after the last sludge application; microplastics 0–56 particles/kg down to 90 cm; ploughing the main spreader.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-evidence-status-004", "N-soil-020" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-258", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Author Correction: Bioaccumulation of microplastics in decedent human brains", "authors": [ "Nihart AJ", "Garcia MA", "El Hayek E", "Liu R", "Olewine M", "Kingston JD", "Castillo EF", "Gullapalli RR", "et al." ], "year": 2025, "journal_or_publisher": "Nature Medicine 31:1367 (online 31 March 2025)", "doi": "10.1038/s41591-025-03675-x", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-025-03675-x", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "dispute", "measurement", "correction" ], "evidence_hint": "D", "note": "Removes duplicated supplementary images, corrects scale bars (Suppl. Fig. S7, main Fig. 2b), adds an ethanol step before ultracentrifugation to Suppl. Information 1.2, clarifies Suppl. Table 12; states the revisions do not affect the spectra data in Table S14. No change to py-GC/MS concentrations. Full text PMC12003150; see docs/audits/verify-shared-nihart-cox.md. Crossref checked 3 November 2026. [human unit note] Correction of 31 March 2025 to S-092: removes duplicated supplementary images, fixes scale bars (Fig. 2b, Suppl. Fig. S7), adds an ethanol step to the supplementary methods and clarifies Suppl. Table 12; states the revisions do not affect the spectra data. Does not change the headline concentrations. Text read via Europe PMC (PMC12003150) on 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-evidence-status-005", "N-human-007" ], "corrects": "S-092", "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-259", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Avoiding and reducing microplastic false positives from dry glove contact", "authors": [ "Clough ME", "Ochoa Rivera E", "Ayala AM", "Parham RL", "Pennacchio J", "Thurber HE", "Ault AP", "Tewari A", "et al." ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Analytical Methods 18:2914–2926", "doi": "10.1039/d5ay01801c", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1039/d5ay01801c", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "air", "water", "human", "global" ], "topics": [ "measurement", "dispute", "correction" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Stearate salts from disposable gloves give IR/Raman spectra similar to microplastics, so library matching misidentifies them; dry contact with nitrile and latex gloves: mean 2,000 false positives/mm²; nitrile cleanroom glove: mean 100/mm²; errors concentrate < 10 µm. PubMed abstract (41885040) read 3 November 2026; full text behind a Cloudflare challenge. Number of glove types tested not checked in the paper. [human unit note] University of Michigan, March 2026: dry contact with nitrile and latex gloves leaves stearate residues read as microplastics by IR/Raman library matching (mean about 2,000 false positives per mm2; cleanroom nitrile about 100 per mm2); tested on environmental (air) datasets, not human tissue; spectroscopy, not py-GC/MS. Abstract checked via Crossref and Europe PMC on 2026-11-03. [landmarks unit note] Stearate residues from nitrile and latex gloves produce about 2,000 microplastic false positives per mm² by dry contact (about 100 per mm² with a cleanroom nitrile glove); provides a stearate spectral library. Published online 26 March 2026; license CC BY-NC 3.0 (text citation only). Crossref checked 2026-11-03; numbers confirmed in the publisher abstract (Crossref) by the verifier. Carded on evidence-system (R-evidence-21); landmarks cites it only in a pointer. [measurement unit note] University of Michigan (McNeil group): dry contact with nitrile and latex gloves leaves stearate residues read as microplastics, mean about 2,000 false positives per mm² with library matching; cleanroom nitrile gloves about 100 per mm². CC BY-NC 3.0, so figures cannot be reused (NC rejected). Same DOI as S-259.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-evidence-system-002", "N-human-001", "N-landmarks-002", "N-measurement-001" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-260", "type": "press", "title": "Scientists shocked to find lab gloves may be skewing microplastics data", "authors": [ "ScienceDaily (source: University of Michigan)" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "ScienceDaily", "doi": "", "url": "https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2026/03/260329222938.htm", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "air" ], "topics": [ "measurement", "news" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "University press release on Clough et al. 2026: seven glove types, about 2,000 false-positive signals per mm² on average, cleanroom gloves far fewer; Michigan air samplers with metal collection surfaces. Release republished by ScienceDaily, not journalism; headline wording is the outlet's.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-evidence-system-003" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-261", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Detection and Quantification of Nanoplastics and Microplastics in Australian Drinking Water", "authors": [ "Shi K", "Okoffo ED", "Jiang J", "Rauert C", "Thomas KV" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "ACS ES&T Water 6(5):2883–2893", "doi": "10.1021/acsestwater.5c01404", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.5c01404", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "water", "human" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "measurement", "exposure" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Tap and bottled water; py-GC/MS screening + AF4-MALS with off-line py-GC/MS/MS, NTA and EM; nanoplastics (10–1,000 nm) 0.3–0.7 µg/L, selected microplastics 0.5–1.5 µg/L; tap > bottled; PP nano identification 'indicative'. Abstract read via institutional listing; sample count not checked.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-evidence-system-004" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-262", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Dynamics of residual film mass and microplastic abundance in long-term plastic-mulched cotton fields", "authors": [ "Zhang S", "Lian X", "Yang X", "Zhao Y", "Hu C", "Zhang H", "Wang X" ], "year": 2025, "journal_or_publisher": "Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 13(1):25627 (issue dated 2026)", "doi": "10.15302/J-FASE-2025627", "url": "https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2025627", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "soil" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "sources", "fate" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Xinjiang cotton fields, 60 points across 5–30 years of mulching (chronosequence), 0–30 cm; MPs ≥ 20 µm by density separation + FTIR (≥ 70% match); 10.8 × 10³ fragments/kg at 0–10 cm after 30 years; residual film 281 kg/ha; threshold 160–200 kg/ha. Full PDF read; CC BY.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-evidence-system-005" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-263", "type": "journal-article", "title": "A global estimate of multiecosystem photosynthesis losses under microplastic pollution", "authors": [ "Zhu R", "Zhang Z", "Zhang N", "Zhong H", "Zhou F", "Zhang X", "Liu C", "Huang Y", "et al." ], "year": 2025, "journal_or_publisher": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 122:e2423957122", "doi": "10.1073/pnas.2423957122", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2423957122", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "soil", "water", "global" ], "topics": [ "toxicology", "scenario-model", "dispute" ], "evidence_hint": "D", "note": "Meta-analysis of 3,286 data points: photosynthesis −7.05 to −12.12%; model estimate of 4.11–13.52% main-crop losses (109.73–360.87 Mt/yr). Extrapolation criticized (see S-264). License CC BY-NC-ND: cite, do not reuse figures.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-evidence-system-006" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-264", "type": "press", "title": "Expert reaction to meta-analysis of microplastic pollution and photosynthesis", "authors": [ "Science Media Centre" ], "year": 2025, "journal_or_publisher": "Science Media Centre (UK), 10 March 2025", "doi": "", "url": "https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-meta-analysis-of-microplastic-pollution-and-photosynthesis/", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "soil", "water" ], "topics": [ "dispute" ], "evidence_hint": "D", "note": "Named expert comments on Zhu et al. 2025: Lampitt (NOC) and Busch (Birmingham) call yield impacts speculative; Murphy (South Wales) warns against one-size extrapolation; Thompson (Plymouth) sees support for action. Not peer-reviewed.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-evidence-system-007" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-265", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Microplastic exposure and the role of dietary patterns in school-aged children", "authors": [ "Liu C", "Zhen H", "Hu Y", "Li R", "Tong J", "Gao G", "Wu X", "Gan H", "et al." ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Environment International 209:110164", "doi": "10.1016/j.envint.2026.110164", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2026.110164", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "exposure", "occurrence" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Ma'anshan Birth Cohort (China), urine of 1,308 ten-year-olds, LDIR (detection floor 20 µm); median 250 particles/mL; detection 91.29%; 98.04% of detected particles 20–100 µm; PTFE most frequent (50.19%); 19 polymer types; KIDMED diet index associated with some polymer types. Abstract read (Europe PMC, PMID 41764893) 3 November 2026; full text 403, blanks and collection controls not checked.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-evidence-system-008" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-266", "type": "journal-article", "title": "From compost-amended soil to plant tissues: field quantification of environmentally relevant polystyrene nanoplastics and limited translocation in Holcus lanatus L.", "authors": [ "Ryzhenko N", "Dia A", "Pattier M", "Davranche M" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "NanoImpact 44:100647 (online 19 September 2026)", "doi": "10.1016/j.impact.2026.100647", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2026.100647", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "soil" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "measurement", "transport", "gaps", "plants" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Field site near Meung-sur-Loire (Loire floodplain, France), household-waste compost applied in the 1990s; one amended and one reference plot, 8 cores each to 90 cm composited per plot; 200–1,000 nm fraction (1 µm glass fiber then 0.2 µm Anodisc), H2O2, DCM extraction, PS only by matrix-matched py-GC/MS; topsoil 0–5 cm 2.57 µg/g dw vs 0.09 µg/g reference (≈28×); roots 123 ± 34, shoots 32 ± 4 µg/g dw (shoots < LOQ 71.66 µg/g). Recovery (Table S5) and blank data in SI, not read. Full text read 3 November 2026 via HAL insu-05766609 (CC BY 4.0); PubMed 42763010; Crossref checked. [gaps unit note] Online 19 September 2026 (PubMed 42763010). Field study, Loire floodplain (France), decades of compost amendment: matrix-matched py-GC/MS detects polystyrene nanoplastics through the soil-plant system; amended topsoil up to 28-fold above the reference plot; roots 123 µg/g dw, shoots 32 µg/g dw (above LOD, below LOQ); TF ≈ 0.26 (semi-quantitative). One polymer, one site. Abstract read via PubMed E-utilities on 2026-11-03; full methods (blanks, size separation) not read. Crossref checked 2026-11-03. [soil unit note] Online 19 September 2026 (PubMed 42763010), vol. 44, 100647, CC BY. Field quantification of polystyrene nanoplastics by matrix-matched py-GC/MS in compost-amended agricultural soil, Loire floodplain, France: topsoil up to 28-fold the reference plot; Holcus lanatus roots 123 µg/g dw, shoots 32 µg/g dw (above LOD, below LOQ), TF ≈0.26. PS only; single site. Checked 3 Nov 2026 from PubMed abstract and Crossref; full text blocked (ScienceDirect 403, HAL bot wall).", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-evidence-system-009", "N-gaps-003", "N-soil-023" ], "preprint": "S-311", "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-267", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Microplastics and nanoplastics in brain tumours and the healthy human brain", "authors": [ "Li R", "Lin F", "Zhao X", "Wang J", "Teng M", "Li C", "Ma L", "Zhong H", "et al." ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Nature Health 1:633–646 (online 20 April 2026)", "doi": "10.1038/s44360-026-00091-4", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s44360-026-00091-4", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "measurement", "dispute", "health", "landmark" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "156 samples from 113 brain-tumor surgery patients (19 regions of China, May–July 2024; NCT05968053) and 35 samples from 8 regions of 5 post-mortem donors (Beijing); LDIR counts, py-GC/MS on subsamples with > 0.1 g, O-PTIR and SEM confirmation; surgical contamination sources tested (air, syringes, infusion sets, specimen bottles, gelatin sponges, surgical patties, n = 3 each). Detected in 99.4% of diseased and 100% of healthy samples. Abstract and figure legends read 3 November 2026 (full text paywalled). Correction: S-268. [gaps unit note] Online 20 April 2026. 156 diseased brain samples from 113 patients with brain tumours and 35 healthy samples from five post-mortem donors; MNPs in 99.4% and 100% of samples; LDIR, py-GC/MS, nanoscale py-GC/MS, O-PTIR and SEM; surgical-scene reproduction to trace intraoperative contamination (Fig. 5). Association with tumour proliferation, not causation. Author Correction S-268. Abstract, figure list and contributions read on nature.com 2026-11-03; Crossref checked. [human unit note] Beijing Tiantan Hospital / Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, published 20 April 2026. 156 diseased brain samples from 113 brain-tumour patients and 35 samples from five post-mortem donors (China National Human Brain Bank, died April-June 2024, ages 63-93). Methods: LDIR particle counts (20-500 um), py-GC/MS after hot-ethanol (60 C) lipid removal and HNO3 digestion, size-fractionated py-GC/MS subset (<1, 1-20, >20 um), O-PTIR and SEM; operating-room contamination sampling (specimen bottle, air, infusion set, sponges) and air controls. From the open source data (Fig. 4f): healthy brain py-GC/MS median 50.3 ug/g (IQR 46.1-55.9, 23 samples); peri-glioma 129.4 ug/g (n=6, P=0.127); LDIR abundance healthy 7.7 particles/g vs peri-glioma 24.2 (P=0.0017); polyamide 66 the largest mean share in healthy brain plus spinal cord (Fig. 4d). Open peer review file (Reviewer 3): 'There seems to be a ~100x difference in the concentrations reported by Nihart and the present study' and asks whether nitric acid could damage PE and cause underestimation. Article paywalled; abstract, figure legends, Supplementary Information, Supplementary Tables, source data and peer review file read from nature.com / static-content.springer.com on 2026-11-03. Lead from the Codex evidence review. [landmarks unit note] Published online 20 April 2026. 156 diseased brain samples from 113 surgical patients with brain tumors and 35 healthy brain samples from five post-mortem donors (China National Human Brain Bank); MNPs in 99.4% and 100% of samples; higher concentration in peritumoral than healthy tissue; microplastic surface area correlated with tumor proliferation. Methods: LDIR (counts, diameter; spatial resolution 5.5–10 µm per the authors' peer-review response), py-GC/MS incl. a nanoscale (<1 µm, stainless-steel membrane) fraction, O-PTIR cross-check of 18 particles (2 mismatches), SEM/EDS; hot-ethanol lipid removal before pyrolysis (Suppl. Note 8); intraoperative contamination sampling in three patients and post-mortem air controls (Extended Data Figs. 5, 9). Read: abstract, extended-data legends, Supplementary Information and Peer Review File (static-content.springer.com) on 2026-11-03; main text paywalled, so absolute concentrations were not checked. Crossref checked 2026-11-03; Author Correction S-268; not retracted.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-evidence-system-010", "N-gaps-004", "N-human-011", "N-landmarks-005" ], "corrected_by": [ "S-268" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-268", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Author Correction: Microplastics and nanoplastics in brain tumours and the healthy human brain", "authors": [ "Li R", "Lin F", "Zhao X", "et al." ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Nature Health 1:666 (online 24 April 2026)", "doi": "10.1038/s44360-026-00132-y", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s44360-026-00132-y", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "dispute", "correction" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Corrects small rounding errors in figure values (Figs. 2a and 4b); text values unchanged. Read 3 November 2026. [gaps unit note] Published 24 April 2026. Corrects small rounding errors in figure values (Figs 2a and 4); values in the text unchanged. Read on nature.com 2026-11-03; Crossref checked. [human unit note] Correction of 24 April 2026 to S-267: small rounding errors in Figs 2a and 4 (e.g. glioma 24.1 -> 24.2; dura mater upper IQR 440.5 -> 449.5); 'The errors were in the presentation, values in text remain correct.' Read on nature.com on 2026-11-03. [landmarks unit note] Published online 24 April 2026; corrects small rounding errors in figure values (Figs. 2a and 4a: glioma 24.1 → 24.2, peri-glioma upper bound 77.9 → 78.0, dura mater upper bound 440.5 → 449.5); states the values in the text remain correct. Publisher PDF read 2026-11-03; Crossref update-to links it to S-267.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-evidence-system-011", "N-gaps-005", "N-human-012", "N-landmarks-006" ], "corrects": "S-267", "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-269", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Atmospheric warming contributions from airborne microplastics and nanoplastics", "authors": [ "Liu Y", "Fu H", "Zhang H", "Wang Y", "Chakrabarty RK", "Tu X", "Tang X", "Laskin A", "et al." ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Nature Climate Change 16:598–605 (online 4 May 2026)", "doi": "10.1038/s41558-026-02620-1", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-026-02620-1", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "air" ], "topics": [ "climate", "scenario-model", "effects" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Radiative transfer model with measured optical properties of colored particles and simulated distributions; modeled global surface concentrations 4.18 MP/m³ and 3.67 ng/m³ NP; mean direct radiative forcing 0.039 ± 0.019 W/m² (16.2% of black carbon forcing); regional peak ≈1.34 W/m² over the North Pacific gyre. Abstract read 3 November 2026. Correction: S-270. [gaps unit note] Online 4 May 2026. Radiative transfer model with experimentally derived optical properties and simulated distributions; modeled global surface concentrations 4.18 MP/m³ and 3.67 ng/m³ nanoplastics; mean direct radiative forcing 0.039 ± 0.019 W/m² for MNPs (16.2% of black carbon forcing). Model result. Author Correction S-270. Abstract read on nature.com 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-evidence-system-012", "N-gaps-008" ], "corrected_by": [ "S-270" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-270", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Author Correction: Atmospheric warming contributions from airborne microplastics and nanoplastics", "authors": [ "Liu Y", "Fu H", "Zhang H", "et al." ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Nature Climate Change 16:742 (online 22 May 2026)", "doi": "10.1038/s41558-026-02667-0", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-026-02667-0", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "air" ], "topics": [ "climate", "correction" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Corrects reference citations in a figure legend and the Methods; no change to results stated. Read 3 November 2026. [gaps unit note] Published 22 May 2026. Corrects citation errors in a figure legend and the Methods; no change to results stated. Read on nature.com 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-evidence-system-013", "N-gaps-009" ], "corrects": "S-269", "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-271", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Revised direct radiative forcing of airborne microplastics suggests warming", "authors": [ "Goddard FW", "Glukhova S", "Le Ru EC", "Evangeliou N", "McErlich C", "Hardacre C", "Frame D", "Kuma P", "et al." ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "npj Emerging Contaminants 2:39 (online 10 September 2026)", "doi": "10.1038/s44454-026-00058-w", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s44454-026-00058-w", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "air" ], "topics": [ "climate", "scenario-model", "effects" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Sensitivity study of microplastic direct radiative effect: clear-sky effective radiative forcing −3.28 to +46.7 mW/m² depending on color, size distribution, vertical profile and spatial distribution; best estimate +42.1 ± 4.62 mW/m² for a global-average surface concentration of 3.99 MP/m³. Revises Revell et al. 2021 (S-055; shares authors Le Ru, Kuma). CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Abstract read 3 November 2026. [gaps unit note] Published 10 September 2026. Revises Revell et al. 2021: clear-sky effective radiative forcing −3.28 to +46.7 mW/m² depending on color, size distribution, vertical profile and spatial distribution; best estimate +42.1 ± 4.62 mW/m² at 3.99 microplastics/m³ global-average surface concentration. Microplastics only. Abstract read on nature.com 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-evidence-system-014", "N-gaps-010" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-272", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Ingested microplastics: Do humans eat one credit card per week?", "authors": [ "Pletz M" ], "year": 2022, "journal_or_publisher": "Journal of Hazardous Materials Letters 3:100071", "doi": "10.1016/j.hazl.2022.100071", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazl.2022.100071", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "exposure", "dispute", "numbers", "correction" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Critique of Senathirajah et al. 2021 (S-104): argues the 0.1–5 g/week ingestion estimate overestimates mass by several orders of magnitude and contrasts it with the 4.1 µg/week median of Mohamed Nor et al. 2021 (S-103). Metadata checked against Crossref 2026-11-03. [landmarks unit note] Critique of Senathirajah et al. 2021 (S-104): argues the 0.1–5 g/week estimate overestimates ingested mass by several orders of magnitude; compares it with Mohamed Nor et al. 2021 (median 4.1 µg/week, adults). Crossref checked 2026-11-03; no correction notices. [numbers unit note] Critique of Senathirajah et al. 2021 (S-104): the 0.1–5 g/week estimate overestimates ingested mass by several orders of magnitude; compares with the 4.1 µg/week median of Mohamed Nor et al. 2021 (S-103). Crossref title checked 2026-11-03; read from abstract and metadata.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-flows-002", "N-landmarks-003", "N-numbers-002" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-273", "type": "report", "title": "World Population Prospects 2024: Summary of Results", "authors": [ "United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division" ], "year": 2024, "journal_or_publisher": "United Nations (UN DESA/POP/2024/TR/NO. 9)", "doi": "", "url": "https://desapublications.un.org/publications/world-population-prospects-2024-summary-results", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global", "human" ], "topics": [ "numbers", "scenario-model" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Official UN population estimates and projections (July 2024). Context for the v6 constants POP = 8.30 billion (2026) and growth 69 million/year. The exact 2026 medium-variant value and annual increase were read from secondary compilations of WPP 2024 data; confirm in the WPP data portal (https://population.un.org/wpp/). Superseded on the flows page by S-274 (the primary data series), 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-flows-003" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-274", "type": "dataset", "title": "World Population Prospects 2024: Demographic Indicators, medium variant (WPP2024_Demographic_Indicators_Medium.csv)", "authors": [ "United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division" ], "year": 2024, "journal_or_publisher": "United Nations", "doi": "", "url": "https://population.un.org/wpp/", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global", "human" ], "topics": [ "numbers", "scenario-model" ], "evidence_hint": "P", "note": "Primary series, downloaded 2026-11-03 from https://population.un.org/wpp/assets/Excel%20Files/1_Indicator%20(Standard)/CSV_FILES/WPP2024_Demographic_Indicators_Medium.csv.gz. World (LocID 900), medium variant: TPopulation1July 2026 = 8,300,678.396 thousand; PopChange 2026 = 68,866.209 thousand (2025: 69,264.442; 2024: 70,016.553). Population constant of counter model v7.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-flows-004" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-275", "type": "press", "title": "Estimating microplastic consumption (news release, with correction notice for Cox et al. 2019)", "authors": [ "American Chemical Society" ], "year": 2019, "journal_or_publisher": "EurekAlert! (AAAS), news release 893063", "doi": "", "url": "https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/893063", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "exposure", "numbers", "correction" ], "evidence_hint": "P", "note": "Release dated 5 June 2019, carrying the publisher's correction notice: the consumption range including inhalation is changed to 74,000–113,000 particles per year depending on age and sex (original paper: 74,000–121,000). Links the correction 10.1021/acs.est.0c04032 (S-102; Crossref: ES&T 54:10974, 17 August 2020). Read 2026-11-03 (direct HTTP fetch blocked, read through a fetch tool). Basis of the v7 Cox count presets.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-flows-005" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-276", "type": "site-record", "title": "Home counter model of the Nanoplastics planetary observatory: v6 script (NP object) and v7 specification (counter-model.json)", "authors": [ "Nanoplastics planetary observatory" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Nanoplastics planetary observatory (site methodology record)", "doi": null, "url": "data/counter-model.json", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "scenario-model", "methods", "process" ], "evidence_hint": "P", "note": "The site's own model record. v6: object NP in docs/reference/nanoplastika6_script_no_base64.js (evidence snapshot 14 October 2026). v7: content/model/counter-model.json (3 November 2026), which the build is expected to publish as data/counter-model.json (toolsmith: copy at build time; not yet published). Supports statements about what the model contains and computes, never scientific findings.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-flows-006" ], "repository_path": "data/counter-model.json", "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "site path published by tools/content/build-v7.js" }, { "id": "S-277", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Ups and Downs in the Ocean: Effects of Biofouling on Vertical Transport of Microplastics", "authors": [ "Kooi M", "van Nes EH", "Scheffer M", "Koelmans AA" ], "year": 2017, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science & Technology 51(14):7963–7971", "doi": "10.1021/acs.est.6b04702", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b04702", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "fate", "transport", "scenario-model" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "First theoretical model of biofouling and vertical transport: particles float, sink or oscillate depending on size and density; small particles peak at intermediate depths. Model output, not field data. Crossref checked 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-four-worlds-001" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-278", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Why biofouling cannot contribute to the vertical transport of small microplastic", "authors": [ "Benner I", "Passow U" ], "year": 2024, "journal_or_publisher": "Microplastics and Nanoplastics 4:19", "doi": "10.1186/s43591-024-00098-2", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s43591-024-00098-2", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "fate", "transport", "dispute" ], "evidence_hint": "D", "note": "Argument paper: biofouling is not an efficient sinking mechanism for particles of 100 µm or less; marine snow and ingestion are more plausible. Counterpoint to Kooi et al. 2017. Crossref checked 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-four-worlds-002" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-279", "type": "review", "title": "Research on the Migration and Adsorption Mechanism Applied to Microplastics in Porous Media: A Review", "authors": [ "Zeng L", "Yuan C", "Xiang T", "Guan X", "Dai L", "Xu D", "Yang D", "Li L", "Tian C" ], "year": 2024, "journal_or_publisher": "Nanomaterials 14(12):1060", "doi": "10.3390/nano14121060", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14121060", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "soil" ], "topics": [ "fate", "transport" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Open-access review (PMC11206983) of microplastic migration in porous media: entrapment in narrow pores, electrostatic retention on Fe/Al sites ('may be impeded', one reference), Brownian motion at small sizes, hydrodynamics. Full text read via Europe PMC 2026-11-03; it does not discuss pH or ionic strength. Crossref checked 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-four-worlds-003" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-280", "type": "review", "title": "Microplastics/nanoplastics in porous media: Key factors controlling their transport and retention behaviors", "authors": [ "Li F", "Huang D", "Wang G", "Cheng M", "Chen H", "Zhou W", "Xiao R", "Li R", "Du L", "Xu W" ], "year": 2024, "journal_or_publisher": "Science of The Total Environment 926:171658", "doi": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171658", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171658", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "soil" ], "topics": [ "fate", "transport" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Review grouping controls on micro- and nanoplastic transport in porous media into particle, flow and medium properties, plus co-transport. Only the abstract was read. Crossref checked 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-four-worlds-004" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-281", "type": "review", "title": "Aerosol Deposition in Health and Disease", "authors": [ "Darquenne C" ], "year": 2012, "journal_or_publisher": "Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery 25(3):140–147", "doi": "10.1089/jamp.2011.0916", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/jamp.2011.0916", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human", "air" ], "topics": [ "exposure", "transport" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Open-access review (PMC3417302) of inhaled particle deposition. Full text read 3 November 2026: impaction mainly above 5 µm; sedimentation most effective 1–8 µm; Brownian diffusion dominant below 0.5 µm; interception negligible for spheres, dominant for fibers; total deposition minimum around 0.5 µm (Fig. 1, Heyder et al. data); abstract: >6 µm mainly upper airway, <2 µm mainly alveolar (therapeutic aerosols). Diameter type (aerodynamic or geometric) not stated. Not about plastics. Crossref checked 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-four-worlds-005" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-282", "type": "review", "title": "What makes a good lung?", "authors": [ "Weibel ER" ], "year": 2009, "journal_or_publisher": "Swiss Medical Weekly 139(27–28):375–386", "doi": "10.4414/smw.2009.12270", "url": "https://doi.org/10.4414/smw.2009.12270", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "exposure" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Lung morphometry (data of Gehr et al. 1978 and Weibel et al.): alveolar surface about 130 m², tissue barrier harmonic mean thickness 0.62 µm (arithmetic mean about 1.6 µm), young healthy adults of 70 kg. Crossref checked 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-four-worlds-006" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-283", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Shape Matters: Long-Range Transport of Microplastic Fibers in the Atmosphere", "authors": [ "Tatsii D", "Bucci S", "Bhowmick T", "Guettler J", "Bakels L", "Bagheri G", "Stohl A" ], "year": 2024, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science & Technology 58(1):671–682", "doi": "10.1021/acs.est.3c08209", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c08209", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "air" ], "topics": [ "transport", "scenario-model" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Lab settling experiments with 3D-printed acrylic (IP-S, 1,200 kg/m³) model fibers 500–2,000 µm long, aspect ratio 20–100: settling up to 76% slower than volume-equivalent spheres; FLEXPART transport model (estimate) then carries ~1 mm fibers to remote regions incl. the high Arctic. Open access (PMC10785798), full text read 2026-11-03. Published online 27 December 2023. Crossref checked 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-four-worlds-007" ], "year_note": "online 27 December 2023 (Crossref issued); 2024 issue year kept", "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-284", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Microplastic transport in soil by earthworms", "authors": [ "Rillig MC", "Ziersch L", "Hempel S" ], "year": 2017, "journal_or_publisher": "Scientific Reports 7:1362", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-017-01594-7", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01594-7", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "soil" ], "topics": [ "transport" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Greenhouse experiment: Lumbricus terrestris moved polyethylene microbeads from the surface into three 3.5 cm soil layers; smaller beads were moved down more. Crossref checked 2026-11-03. [soil unit note] Rillig, Ziersch & Hempel 2017: earthworms (L. terrestris) carried PE microbeads down the soil profile in a greenhouse experiment; smaller beads moved further.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-four-worlds-008", "N-soil-018" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-285", "type": "dataset", "title": "Atmospheric microplastic emissions from land and ocean (dataset: compiled atmospheric microplastic measurements and emission fields)", "authors": [ "Evangelou I", "Bucci S", "Stohl A" ], "year": 2025, "journal_or_publisher": "Zenodo", "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.17660114", "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17660114", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "air" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "measurement", "gaps" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Data behind Evangelou et al. 2026 Nature (S-052): 2,782 air concentration and deposition measurements from 76 studies with coordinates (file atmo_MP_dataset.csv, CC BY 4.0). Used for the sampling-location map and our per-region counts. DataCite DOI (not Crossref), metadata checked via api.datacite.org on 2026-11-03. The full zip is 6.8 GB; the CSV alone is 456 kB.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-gaps-001" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "doi.org resolves (registration agency DataCite; not in Crossref)", "doi_agency": "DataCite" }, { "id": "S-286", "type": "review", "title": "Finding Microplastics in Soils: A Review of Analytical Methods", "authors": [ "Möller JN", "Löder MGJ", "Laforsch C" ], "year": 2020, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science & Technology 54(4):2078–2090", "doi": "10.1021/acs.est.9b04618", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b04618", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "soil" ], "topics": [ "measurement", "standards", "gaps" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Critical review: soil microplastic studies are often incomparable because methods differ; no standardized soil method yet; none of the published methods ideally suited to smaller microplastics in soil. Title checked against Crossref on 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-gaps-002" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-287", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Quantifying the occurrence of polystyrene nanoplastics in environmental solid matrices via pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry", "authors": [ "Li Z", "Gao Y", "Wu Q", "Yan B", "Zhou X" ], "year": 2022, "journal_or_publisher": "Journal of Hazardous Materials 440:129855", "doi": "10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129855", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129855", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "soil", "water" ], "topics": [ "measurement", "gaps" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Polystyrene-specific py-GC/MS mass method for nanoplastics in soils and sediments, extraction optimized and spike recoveries tested with palladium-doped PS nanoplastics. Abstract figures (LOD 0.02 µg/g; recoveries 72.5–87.2%; PS nanoplastics in 6 of 11 natural samples) seen only in a search-index rendering, not on the publisher page; not used in prose. Crossref checked 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-gaps-006" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-288", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Unearthing nanoplastics in soil: optimising extraction and purification while preserving particle integrity", "authors": [ "Forsyth H", "Gnoffo C", "Oh S", "Sakaguchi-Söder K", "Mitrano DM", "Frache A", "et al." ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Microplastics and Nanoplastics 6:7", "doi": "10.1186/s43591-026-00172-x", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s43591-026-00172-x", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "soil" ], "topics": [ "measurement", "gaps" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Published 19 January 2026, CC BY 4.0. Pd-doped nanoplastic recovery tests: extraction 38%, density separation 74%, filtration to < 1 µm 92%, ultrafiltration 74%; combined method 1.4% (SD 0.4%). Detection limit too high for quantitative py-GC/MS of soil extracts; suitable for qualitative SEM. Abstract read via Crossref 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-gaps-007" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-289", "type": "review", "title": "Quality Criteria for Microplastic Effect Studies in the Context of Risk Assessment: A Critical Review", "authors": [ "de Ruijter VN", "Redondo-Hasselerharm PE", "Gouin T", "Koelmans AA" ], "year": 2020, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science & Technology 54(19):11692–11705", "doi": "10.1021/acs.est.0c03057", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c03057", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "effects", "measurement", "gaps" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Quality scoring of 105 microplastic effect studies with aquatic biota against 20 criteria: mean 44.6% of maximum score (range 20–77.5%); no study met all criteria; most urgent improvements: background contamination and environmental relevance of exposure; mismatch between sizes tested and sizes found in the environment; three effect mechanisms remain after quality weighting (food dilution/assimilation, internal and external physical damage). Abstract read via PubMed (32856914) 2026-11-03; Crossref checked.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-gaps-011" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-290", "type": "web", "title": "Directive (EU) 2025/2360 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 November 2025 on soil monitoring and resilience (Soil Monitoring Law)", "authors": [ "European Parliament", "Council of the European Union" ], "year": 2025, "journal_or_publisher": "Official Journal of the European Union, L series, 26 November 2025", "doi": null, "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2025/2360/oj", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "soil" ], "topics": [ "policy" ], "evidence_hint": "P", "note": "Full OJ text (CELEX 32025L2360) read through publications.europa.eu on 2026-11-03. Plastics appear only in recital 52: the Directive should 'allow the inclusion of microplastics and nanoplastics in the monitoring of soil contaminants'. No plastic descriptor, method or limit in the articles; transposition by 17 December 2028.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-gaps-012" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 202 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-291", "type": "journal-article", "title": "When Good Intentions Go Bad—False Positive Microplastic Detection Caused by Disposable Gloves", "authors": [ "Witzig CS", "Földi C", "Wörle K", "Habermehl P", "Pittroff M", "Müller YK", "Lauschke T", "Fiener P", "et al." ], "year": 2020, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science & Technology 54:12164-12172", "doi": "10.1021/acs.est.0c03742", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c03742", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "human", "water", "global" ], "topics": [ "measurement", "dispute" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Leachates of 10 disposable glove types read as polyethylene by µ-Raman, µ-FTIR and pyrolysis-GC/MS; stearates and sodium dodecyl sulfate can cause substantial overestimation of PE. The py-GC/MS link for the glove-residue problem. Abstract checked via Europe PMC on 2026-11-03. [measurement unit note] Leachates of 10 disposable glove types read as PE by µ-Raman, µ-FTIR and py-GC/MS; stearates, fatty acids and sodium dodecyl sulfate cause substantial PE overestimation. Same DOI as S-291.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-human-002", "N-measurement-002" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-292", "type": "press", "title": "Measuring plastic in the brain: improving but incomplete", "authors": [ "Dance A" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "The Transmitter (Simons Foundation), 18 September 2026", "doi": "", "url": "https://www.thetransmitter.org/microplastics/measuring-plastic-in-the-brain-improving-but-incomplete/", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "dispute", "measurement", "news" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Science journalism on the brain-plastics dispute: Campen describes an added wash step that he says corroborates the 2025 findings (no revised numbers published in the article); Rauert and Materic restate method concerns. Use for the state of the dispute in 2026, not for numbers. URL returned HTTP 200 on 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-human-003" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-293", "type": "press", "title": "'A bombshell': doubt cast on discovery of microplastics throughout human body", "authors": [ "Carrington D" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "The Guardian, 13 January 2026", "doi": "", "url": "https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2026/jan/13/microplastics-human-body-doubt", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "dispute", "news" ], "evidence_hint": "D", "note": "Pointer only: reports seven human-tissue studies challenged in published comments and an analysis listing 18 studies that did not account for tissue signals mistaken for plastics; that analysis is Rauert et al. 2025 (S-042, doi:10.1021/acs.est.4c12599), linked from the article. Wording in the article: \"There is no suggestion of malpractice\". Text read through syndicated copies (Packaging Europe, SEJ, Mother Jones/Climate Desk) because theguardian.com blocks automated access; cite primary critiques for substance. Note corrected by the fixer on 2026-11-03 (verifier: 'malpractice', not 'misconduct'). [landmarks unit note] Press report on challenges to human-tissue microplastic studies (brain, testes, placenta, arteries, blood); counts seven studies challenged in published criticism. theguardian.com blocks automated fetching: URL, date, author and the 'seven studies' count were confirmed through secondary listings (SEJ headlines, reposts) on 2026-11-03, not by reading the original.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-human-004", "N-landmarks-004" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-294", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Nanoplastics measurements must have appropriate blanks", "authors": [ "Materić D" ], "year": 2024, "journal_or_publisher": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 121(48)", "doi": "10.1073/pnas.2411099121", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2411099121", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water", "human" ], "topics": [ "dispute", "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "D", "note": "Letter challenging Qian et al. 2024 (S-033) bottled-water nanoplastic counts: argues sample values fall below the procedural blank, so the quantitative estimate is unreliable. Pair with the reply S-295. [measurement unit note] Letter on Qian et al. 2024: the Milli-Q procedural blank held as much plastic as the bottled water; using clean dry filters as blanks ignores handling contamination. Same DOI as S-294.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-human-005", "N-measurement-012" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-295", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Reply to Materić: Appropriate blanks should avoid major contamination sources in the lab", "authors": [ "Qian N", "Stapleton P", "Yan B", "Min W" ], "year": 2024, "journal_or_publisher": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 121(48)", "doi": "10.1073/pnas.2415874121", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2415874121", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water", "human" ], "topics": [ "dispute", "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "D", "note": "Authors' reply defending the bottled-water counts: the proposed Milli-Q blank is itself contaminated and is not a valid blank. Pair with S-294. [measurement unit note] Authors' reply: Milli-Q water was itself contaminated and differed in polymer profile from bottled water, so it is not a valid procedural blank; their blank avoided major lab contamination sources. Same DOI as S-295.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-human-006", "N-measurement-013" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-296", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Micro- and nano-plastics in the coronary circulation and air pollution exposure in ischaemic heart disease presentation", "authors": [ "Paolisso P", "Scisciola L", "Belmonte M", "Scarsini R", "Galli V", "Gallinoro E", "Casenghi M", "Ausiello D", "et al.", "Landrigan PJ", "Paolisso G", "Marfella R", "Barbato E" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "European Heart Journal 47(39):5860-5876", "doi": "10.1093/eurheartj/ehag447", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehag447", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "health", "exposure", "epidemiology" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Cross-sectional study, 61 consecutive patients undergoing coronary angiography (STEMI n=19, chronic coronary syndromes n=20, normal coronary arteries n=22), Italy. MNPs quantified in coronary and peripheral blood by py-GC/MS and laser direct infrared spectroscopy (LDIR). Detection 84.2% STEMI vs 40% CCS vs 31.8% controls (P=.002); polyethylene predominant (97%); highest concentrations in coronary blood; smoking history the only independent predictor of MNP presence (OR 5.69, 95% CI 1.33-26.63). No follow-up; shares authors (Marfella, Paolisso G, Barbato, Prattichizzo, Landrigan) with Marfella 2024 (S-093). Published online 14 July 2026. Abstract read via Crossref on 2026-11-03; full text paywalled (OUP HTTP 403). Lead from Codex review R-planet-25.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-human-008" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-297", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Coronary micro- and nanoplastics in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: antecedent exposure or post-thrombotic enrichment?", "authors": [ "Qin J", "Chen T", "Qu L" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "European Heart Journal (correspondence, online 27 October 2026)", "doi": "10.1093/eurheartj/ehag800", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehag800", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "dispute", "health" ], "evidence_hint": "D", "note": "Letter on Paolisso et al. 2026 (S-296); title and Crossref references (cites ehag447, Marfella's MI MNP work and Zhang et al. 2025) checked on 2026-11-03. Text paywalled: cite only for the question it raises (earlier exposure versus enrichment in the thrombus). Pair with the authors' reply S-298.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-human-009" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-298", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Micro- and nanoplastics in acute coronary thrombosis: exposure, enrichment, or a dual mechanism?", "authors": [ "Marfella R", "Barbato E", "Paolisso G" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "European Heart Journal (correspondence, online 27 October 2026)", "doi": "10.1093/eurheartj/ehag803", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehag803", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "dispute", "health" ], "evidence_hint": "D", "note": "Authors' response to the Qin et al. letter (S-297); its Crossref reference list starts with ehag800 and ehag447. Checked via Crossref on 2026-11-03; text paywalled, so the content of the reply is not summarized on the site beyond its existence and title.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-human-010" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-299", "type": "site-record", "title": "Dated literature and registry search record for the Human Body page (negative findings)", "authors": [ "Nanoplastics planetary observatory" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Nanoplastics planetary observatory (site methodology record)", "doi": null, "url": "pages/methods.html", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "methods", "search" ], "evidence_hint": "P", "note": "The site's own search record of 3 November 2026 (Europe PMC REST queries and ClinicalTrials.gov API v2 query, with exact strings, hit counts and screening notes) behind the page's level E statements: dermal uptake in people, completed disease-free cohorts with measured exposure, validated clinical blood tests, and human causal evidence. To be published with the methods page (decision 24); until then the record lives in docs/audits/fix-human.md. Planned public location: the methods page (pages/methods.html); the record itself is currently section \"Search record\" of docs/audits/fix-human.md and must be carried onto the methods page when it is published.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-human-013" ], "repository_path": "pages/methods.html", "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "site path published by tools/content/build-v7.js" }, { "id": "S-300", "type": "dataset", "title": "Earth Fact Sheet", "authors": [ "Williams DR" ], "year": 2024, "journal_or_publisher": "NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, NSSDCA", "doi": "", "url": "https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "scale" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "Official NASA planetary data: volumetric mean radius 6,371.000 km (so mean diameter 12,742 km by doubling). Page last updated 15 November 2024; checked 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-journey-001" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-301", "type": "web", "title": "How deep is the ocean?", "authors": [ "NOAA National Ocean Service" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)", "doi": "", "url": "https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/oceandepth.html", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "scale" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "States the average ocean depth as 3,682 m (12,080 ft). Page last updated 23 September 2026; checked 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-journey-002" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-302", "type": "web", "title": "How far does light travel in the ocean?", "authors": [ "NOAA National Ocean Service" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)", "doi": "", "url": "https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/light_travel.html", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "scale" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "Light may be detected to 1,000 m but there is rarely significant light beyond 200 m; the upper 200 m is the euphotic (sunlight) zone. Page last updated 23 September 2026; checked 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-journey-003" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-303", "type": "web", "title": "Sizes of Aerosols, Raindrop and Cloud Droplets", "authors": [ "Russell R" ], "year": 2007, "journal_or_publisher": "UCAR Center for Science Education", "doi": "", "url": "https://scied.ucar.edu/image/aerosols-raindrop-cloud-droplets-sizes", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "air" ], "topics": [ "scale" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Educational diagram: a typical cloud droplet is 20 µm in diameter, a typical raindrop 2 mm. Credit Randy Russell, (c) 2007 NESTA; image license not stated, so cite the numbers only, do not reuse the image. Checked 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-journey-006" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-304", "type": "web", "title": "Visible Light", "authors": [ "NASA Science" ], "year": 2023, "journal_or_publisher": "NASA", "doi": "", "url": "https://science.nasa.gov/ems/09_visiblelight/", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "scale" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "Tour of the Electromagnetic Spectrum: the human eye can detect wavelengths from 380 to 700 nanometers. Page last updated 4 August 2023; checked 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-journey-007" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-305", "type": "press", "title": "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2014: popular information (How the optical microscope became a nanoscope)", "authors": [ "The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences" ], "year": 2014, "journal_or_publisher": "Nobel Prize Outreach / The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences", "doi": "", "url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2014/popular-information/", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "scale", "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "Abbe (1873) set the resolution limit of conventional optical microscopes at roughly half the wavelength of light, about 0.2 µm; super-resolved fluorescence microscopy (Betzig, Hell, Moerner) bypasses it for labeled molecules. Checked 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-journey-008" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-306", "type": "web", "title": "Cloud Types", "authors": [ "UCAR Center for Science Education" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR)", "doi": "", "url": "https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/clouds/cloud-types", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "air" ], "topics": [ "scale" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Table of cloud groups by base height (mid-latitudes): low clouds surface to 2 km (surface to 7,000 ft), middle 2–7 km, high 5–13 km; heights lower in polar regions. No page date; footer (c) 2026 UCAR. Consistent with the NWS training table (low clouds surface to 7,000 ft). HTTP 200, checked 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-journey-009" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-307", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Accumulation of Microplastic on Shorelines Woldwide: Sources and Sinks", "authors": [ "Browne MA", "Crump P", "Niven SJ", "Teuten E", "Tonkin A", "Galloway T", "Thompson R" ], "year": 2011, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science & Technology 45(21):9175–9179", "doi": "10.1021/es201811s", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/es201811s", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "landmark", "occurrence", "sources" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Shoreline microplastic at 18 sites on six continents; polyester and acrylic fibers resembling sewage; a single garment can release >1,900 fibers per wash. Title typo 'Woldwide' is in the published record. Crossref checked 2026-11-03; no correction notices.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-landmarks-001" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-308", "type": "journal-article", "title": "GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations", "authors": [ "Guyatt GH", "Oxman AD", "Vist GE", "Kunz R", "Falck-Ytter Y", "Alonso-Coello P", "Schünemann HJ", "GRADE Working Group" ], "year": 2008, "journal_or_publisher": "BMJ 336(7650):924–926", "doi": "10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.AD", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.AD", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "measurement", "gaps" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "The GRADE system for rating certainty of clinical evidence; cited only as a related system, not as the basis of the site's A–E levels. Title checked against Crossref on 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-levels-001" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-309", "type": "journal-article", "title": "The IPCC AR5 guidance note on consistent treatment of uncertainties: a common approach across the working groups", "authors": [ "Mastrandrea MD", "Mach KJ", "Plattner GK", "Edenhofer O", "Stocker TF", "Field CB", "Ebi KL", "Matschoss PR" ], "year": 2011, "journal_or_publisher": "Climatic Change 108:675–691", "doi": "10.1007/s10584-011-0178-6", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0178-6", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "measurement", "gaps" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "IPCC calibrated confidence language (evidence and agreement) used since AR5 and carried into AR6; cited only as a related system. Title checked against Crossref on 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-levels-002" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-310", "type": "web", "title": "Microplastics and nanoplastics in food (topic page)", "authors": [ "European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "EFSA, last reviewed 21 October 2026", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/microplastics-and-nanoplastics-food", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "policy", "gaps", "levels" ], "evidence_hint": "P", "note": "Page last reviewed 21 October 2026 (read 2026-11-03): knowledge of dietary exposure and health effects 'remains limited'; nanoplastic data 'particularly scarce'; the European Parliament requested a scientific opinion on health risks of microplastics in food, water and air, scheduled to be finalised by the end of 2027.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-levels-005" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-311", "type": "preprint", "title": "From compost-amended soil to plant tissues: field quantification of environmentally relevant polystyrene nanoplastics and limited translocation in Holcus lanatus L", "authors": [ "Ryzhenko N", "Dia A", "Davranche M", "Pattier M" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "SSRN preprint (not peer reviewed)", "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.6716256", "url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6716256", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "soil" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "measurement", "gaps" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "PREPRINT. One compost-amended agricultural site, Loire River floodplain, France; matrix-matched Py-GC/MS for polystyrene nanoplastics only; 'first depth-resolved quantification' in an agricultural soil; amended topsoil ~28x the reference plot. Crossref record and abstract checked 2026-11-03; author names from Crossref.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-levels-006" ], "published_as": "S-266", "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-312", "type": "dataset", "title": "Association of Micro-Nanoplastic Exposure With Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction and Subsequent Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Prospective Cohort Study (NCT07748767)", "authors": [ "Beijing Anzhen Hospital" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "ClinicalTrials.gov registry record", "doi": null, "url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07748767", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "gaps", "levels" ], "evidence_hint": "P", "note": "Registry record read via the ClinicalTrials.gov API 2026-11-03: first posted 6 August 2026; not yet recruiting; estimated start 1 January 2027; estimated completion 31 December 2029; estimated enrollment 184. No results.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-levels-007" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-313", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Solving the Nonalignment of Methods and Approaches Used in Microplastic Research to Consistently Characterize Risk", "authors": [ "Koelmans AA", "Redondo-Hasselerharm PE", "Mohamed Nor NH", "Kooi M" ], "year": 2020, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science & Technology 54:12307–12315", "doi": "10.1021/acs.est.0c02982", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c02982", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water", "global" ], "topics": [ "measurement", "numbers" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Rescaling method that corrects concentrations for different size ranges and converts between number, volume and mass using probability density functions.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-measurement-003" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-314", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Characterizing the multidimensionality of microplastics across environmental compartments", "authors": [ "Kooi M", "Primpke S", "Mintenig SM", "Lorenz C", "Gerdts G", "Koelmans AA" ], "year": 2021, "journal_or_publisher": "Water Research 202:117429", "doi": "10.1016/j.watres.2021.117429", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117429", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water", "global" ], "topics": [ "measurement", "numbers" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "More than 60,000 particles by FTIR imaging: particle length follows power laws with median slopes from 2.2 (marine surface water) to 3.1 (biota). Same DOI as S-314. [numbers unit note] More than 60,000 particles by FTIR imaging; particle-length distributions follow power laws with median slopes from 2.2 (marine surface water) to 3.1 (biota). Basis for 'smaller cutoffs mean many more particles'. Crossref title checked 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-measurement-004", "N-numbers-001" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-315", "type": "review", "title": "Quality Criteria for the Analysis of Microplastic in Biota Samples: A Critical Review", "authors": [ "Hermsen E", "Mintenig SM", "Besseling E", "Koelmans AA" ], "year": 2018, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science & Technology 52:10230–10240", "doi": "10.1021/acs.est.8b01611", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b01611", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "water", "global" ], "topics": [ "measurement", "standards" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Ten quality criteria (incl. clean air, negative and positive controls, polymer identification); reviewed ingestion studies averaged 8.0 of 20 for completeness and 0 for reliability.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-measurement-005" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-316", "type": "review", "title": "Sampling and Quality Assurance and Quality Control: A Guide for Scientists Investigating the Occurrence of Microplastics Across Matrices", "authors": [ "Brander SM", "Renick VC", "Foley MM", "Steele C", "Woo M", "Lusher A", "Carr S", "Helm P", "et al." ], "year": 2020, "journal_or_publisher": "Applied Spectroscopy 74:1099–1125", "doi": "10.1177/0003702820945713", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0003702820945713", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "measurement", "standards" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Matrix-specific QA/QC guide (sediment, tissue, water, air): contamination pathways, blanks and sampling design.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-measurement-006" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-317", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Synthesis of metal-doped nanoplastics and their utility to investigate fate and behaviour in complex environmental systems", "authors": [ "Mitrano DM", "Beltzung A", "Frehland S", "Schmiedgruber M", "Cingolani A", "Schmidt F" ], "year": 2019, "journal_or_publisher": "Nature Nanotechnology 14:362–368", "doi": "10.1038/s41565-018-0360-3", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-018-0360-3", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "measurement", "fate" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Nanoplastics with a chemically entrapped metal tracer; in a simulated activated-sludge batch test more than 98% associated with sludge and over 93% of the spike recovered. Lab tool, not a field method.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-measurement-007" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-318", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Lost, but Found with Nile Red: A Novel Method for Detecting and Quantifying Small Microplastics (1 mm to 20 μm) in Environmental Samples", "authors": [ "Erni-Cassola G", "Gibson MI", "Thompson RC", "Christie-Oleza JA" ], "year": 2017, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science & Technology 51:13641–13648", "doi": "10.1021/acs.est.7b04512", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b04512", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Nile red staining plus fluorescence microscopy and image analysis for 20–1,000 µm particles; reported a power-law increase of small microplastics with decreasing size in sea-surface tows.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-measurement-008" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-319", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Optical photothermal infrared spectroscopy with simultaneously acquired Raman spectroscopy for two-dimensional microplastic identification", "authors": [ "Böke JS", "Popp J", "Krafft C" ], "year": 2022, "journal_or_publisher": "Scientific Reports 12:18785", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-23318-2", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-23318-2", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "CC BY 4.0. States IR diffraction limit 3.7–7.4 µm (Abbe, 5.9 µm wavelength, NA 0.4–0.8), IR detection of particles above 20 µm, Raman 0.5 µm to a few mm, O-PTIR submicron; IR and Raman spectra of nine polymers.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-measurement-009" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-320", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Method for label-free & non-destructive detection of microplastics in human formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections", "authors": [ "Gruber ES", "Karl V", "Duswald K", "Bhamidipalli MS", "Schlederer M", "Limberger T", "Kopatz V", "Teleky B", "et al." ], "year": 2025, "journal_or_publisher": "Scientific Reports 15:42637", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-26751-1", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-26751-1", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "O-PTIR on colon tissue sections; states lateral resolution about 500 nm, about 30 times finer than conventional FTIR microscopes. CC BY-NC-ND (figures not reusable).", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-measurement-010" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-321", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Photothermal Infrared Imaging of Nanoplastics in Human Cells with Nanoscale Resolution", "authors": [ "Pięta E", "Piergies N", "Chrabąszcz K", "Banas A", "Banaś K", "Lo MKF", "Panek A", "Kwiatek WM", "et al." ], "year": 2025, "journal_or_publisher": "ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 17:59161–59172", "doi": "10.1021/acsami.5c16048", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c16048", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Lab cell study with fluorescently labeled PS nanoparticles: conventional FTIR lacked resolution; AFM-IR gave nanoscale chemical imaging, O-PTIR submicron label-free detection.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-measurement-011" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-322", "type": "standard", "title": "ASTM D8332-20 Standard Practice for Collection of Water Samples with High, Medium, or Low Suspended Solids for Identification and Quantification of Microplastic Particles and Fibers", "authors": [ "ASTM International, Committee D19" ], "year": 2020, "journal_or_publisher": "ASTM International", "doi": null, "url": "https://store.astm.org/d8332-20.html", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "standards", "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "Sampling practice for water. Title confirmed via store and national catalog listings on 3 November 2026; full text paywalled and not read. [policy unit note] Title confirmed on astm.org on 3 Nov 2026; sample collection practice; cited by EPA (S-349) as an existing procedure to evaluate.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-measurement-014", "N-policy-012" ], "alt_urls": [ "https://www.astm.org/d8332-20.html" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-323", "type": "standard", "title": "ASTM D8333-20 Standard Practice for Preparation of Water Samples with High, Medium, or Low Suspended Solids for Identification and Quantification of Microplastic Particles and Fibers Using Raman Spectroscopy, IR Spectroscopy, or Pyrolysis-GC/MS", "authors": [ "ASTM International, Committee D19" ], "year": 2020, "journal_or_publisher": "ASTM International", "doi": null, "url": "https://store.astm.org/d8333-20.html", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "standards", "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "Sample preparation practice (wet peroxide oxidation and enzymatic digestion per catalog summaries). Full text paywalled and not read. [policy unit note] Title confirmed on astm.org on 3 Nov 2026; sample preparation practice for spectroscopy and py-GC/MS.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-measurement-015", "N-policy-013" ], "alt_urls": [ "https://www.astm.org/d8333-20.html" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-324", "type": "web", "title": "ISO/FDIS 16094-3 Water quality — Analysis of microplastic in water — Part 3: Thermo-analytical methods for waters with low content of suspended solids including drinking water (project record iso:proj:84463)", "authors": [ "Institute for Standardization of Serbia (national listing of ISO/TC 147/SC 2 project)" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Institute for Standardization of Serbia", "doi": null, "url": "https://iss.rs/en/project/show/iso:proj:84463", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "standards", "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "Status record checked 3 November 2026: stage 50.20 (proof sent to secretariat or FDIS ballot initiated) effective 15 September 2026; not yet published. Updates the status in S-041 (FDIS registered May 2026).", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-measurement-016" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-325", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Challenges and solutions in the analysis of micro- and nanoplastics down to 500 nm with automated Raman microspectroscopy: suitable filters, accuracy in the detection, identification, and quantification", "authors": [ "Jüngling IS", "Schmitt L", "De Franceschi F", "Da Costa Filho PA", "Lei L", "Coic L", "Benismail N", "Dubascoux S", "Ambühl ME", "Ivleva NP" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 418:5283–5302", "doi": "10.1007/s00216-026-06567-2", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-026-06567-2", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water", "global" ], "topics": [ "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "CC BY 4.0. Full text read (Europe PMC PMC13424059) 3 November 2026: automated Raman down to 500 nm on Al-coated PC filters (0.4 µm pores); 500 nm PS beads recovered 67 ± 10%; particles oversized by 0.5 ± 0.26 µm; stage precision and laser centering limit spectra; potable water 0.36 ± 0.13% of 0.5–10 µm particles plastic; recovery limited by aggregation, pore heterogeneity/embedding, suspension uncertainty, partial-area analysis. Fig. 6 is candidate IMG-measurement-02-b.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-measurement-017" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-326", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Interlaboratory Comparison Reveals State of the Art in Microplastic Detection and Quantification Methods", "authors": [ "Ciornii D", "Hodoroaba V-D", "Benismail N", "Maltseva A", "Ferrer JF", "et al.", "Altmann K" ], "year": 2025, "journal_or_publisher": "Analytical Chemistry 97(16):8719–8728", "doi": "10.1021/acs.analchem.4c05403", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.4c05403", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water", "global" ], "topics": [ "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "CC BY 4.0. Full text read (NORA repository PDF; also PMC12044667) 3 November 2026: VAMAS ILC, 84 labs, PET and aged PE powders about 10–200 µm pressed into tablets; reproducibility SR thermo-analytical 62–117% (PE), 45.9–62% (PET); spectroscopic 121–129% (PE), 64–70% (PET); all participants identified both polymers; tablet dissolution/filtration hardest step; µRaman LOD 1–5 µm and µFTIR 10–20 µm stated; elongated particles and agglomerates pass or exceed a 500 µm sieve; small particles may be lost in filtration.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-measurement-018" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-327", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Possibilities and limitations of AFM-IR to detect nanoplastic particles in the atmosphere", "authors": [ "Kummer N", "Horender S", "Kulmala T", "Vasilatou K", "Hueglin C", "Kaegi R" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science: Nano 13(4):1910–1925", "doi": "10.1039/d5en01155h", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1039/d5en01155h", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "air" ], "topics": [ "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "CC BY 3.0. Full text read (Eawag DORA repository PDF) 3 November 2026: electrostatic precipitation plus AFM-IR; size detection limits 20 nm silica, 80 nm PS; NPs distinguishable from soot, mineral dust, sulfate; limited throughput requires selective enrichment to confirm NPs in ambient air.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-measurement-019" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-328", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Healthy mice show resilience to chronic nano- and microplastic exposure in the brain", "authors": [ "Viola", "Makdissi", "Musacchio", "Aliprandi", "Franco Taveras", "Mayer", "et al." ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Frontiers in Immunology 17:1917614", "doi": "10.3389/fimmu.2026.1917614", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1917614", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "measurement", "dispute" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "CC BY 4.0. Used only as a secondary summary of the Campen et al. 2025 reply (S-046, its ref. 10), read 3 November 2026: reply maintains conclusions; lipid comparison conflates dry and wet weight; parallel temporal trends for polymers without documented lipid interference; procedural blanks without detectable polymer; concedes no consensus on tissue digestion and that alkaline digestion may overestimate polymer content. The reply itself is paywalled; only its first paragraph was read (nature.com preview). Author given names not retrieved.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-measurement-020" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-329", "type": "press", "title": "Microplastics in the atmosphere: higher emissions from land areas than from the ocean", "authors": [ "University of Vienna" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "University of Vienna press release via EurekAlert!", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1113386", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "air", "water" ], "topics": [ "sources", "scenario-model", "numbers" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Release on Evangelou, Bucci & Stohl 2026 (S-052), January 2026: 2,782 measurements; model overestimated airborne particle numbers by several orders of magnitude; over 20 times more particles emitted on land than from the ocean, but emitted mass higher over the ocean. Press release, not journalism; text confirmed via a syndicated copy (sflorg.com, 21 January 2026).", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-numbers-003" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-330", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Rückhalt von Nanoplastik-Partikeln bei der Wasseraufbereitung", "authors": [ "Pulido-Reyes G", "Bianco C", "Magherini L", "Sethi R", "von Gunten U", "Kaegi R", "Mitrano DM" ], "year": 2023, "journal_or_publisher": "Aqua & Gas (SVGW/VSA), issue 7/8, published online 6 July 2023", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.aquaetgas.ch/wasser/trinkwasser/20230707_ag7_8-r%C3%BCckhalt-von-nanoplastik-partikeln-bei-der-wasseraufbereitung/", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "solutions", "measurement", "numbers" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "The authors' German technical account of Pulido-Reyes et al. 2022 (S-113). Pilot sand filter at the Zurich lake-water works (WVZ-Lengg), aged sand, ~200 nm Pd-doped model nanoplastics, 1 m3/h, 9 h run (6.3 h dosing): 99.5% retention already at 0.9 m filter depth (measured). Full-scale plant simulation (rapid sand, activated carbon, slow sand): >99.9%, >3 log10 (modeled). Page read 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-numbers-004" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-331", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Instrument-dependent variability affects both microplastic polymer identification and quantification: an inter-laboratory comparison using polymer standards", "authors": [ "Graf M", "Chadwick D", "Sun Y", "Ding F", "Ren S", "et al." ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Scientific Reports 16:34427", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-64477-w", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-64477-w", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "measurement", "numbers" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Inter-laboratory comparison across seven countries with standardised protocols and the same polymer standards: substantial variability in spectral match quality, polymer identification, mixed-sample composition and recovery, driven by instrument and reference library. Crossref metadata and abstract checked 2026-11-03 (published 28 July 2026, CC BY 4.0). Figure-level numbers not used. 25 authors (Crossref).", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-numbers-005" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-332", "type": "journal-article", "title": "The distribution of subsurface microplastics in the ocean", "authors": [ "Zhao S", "Kvale KF", "Zhu L", "Zettler ER", "Egger M", "Mincer TJ", "Amaral-Zettler LA", "Lebreton L", "et al." ], "year": 2025, "journal_or_publisher": "Nature 641:51-61", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-025-08818-1", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08818-1", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "transport", "fate" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Zhao et al. 2025 Nature: synthesis of depth profiles from 1,885 stations (2014–2024); subsurface microplastics 10^-4 to 10^4 particles/m3; 1–100 µm particles more evenly spread with depth; methods not standardized. Some authors linked to The Ocean Cleanup. Crossref-verified 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-oceans-001" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-333", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Seafloor microplastic hotspots controlled by deep-sea circulation", "authors": [ "Kane IA", "Clare MA", "Miramontes E", "Wogelius R", "Rothwell JJ", "Garreau P", "Pohl F" ], "year": 2020, "journal_or_publisher": "Science 368:1140-1145", "doi": "10.1126/science.aba5899", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba5899", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "transport", "fate" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Kane et al. 2020 Science: bottom currents create seafloor microplastic hotspots off Corsica, up to 190 pieces per 50 g sediment. Crossref-verified 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-oceans-002" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-334", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Arctic sea ice is an important temporal sink and means of transport for microplastic", "authors": [ "Peeken I", "Primpke S", "Beyer B", "Gütermann J", "Katlein C", "Krumpen T", "Bergmann M", "Hehemann L", "et al." ], "year": 2018, "journal_or_publisher": "Nature Communications 9:1505", "doi": "10.1038/s41467-018-03825-5", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03825-5", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "transport" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Peeken et al. 2018 Nat Commun: Arctic sea-ice cores (Polarstern 2014, 2015; Fram Strait, central Arctic) up to 1.2×10^7 particles/m3 (whole core); Imaging FTIR to 11 µm; 67% of particles in the 11 µm class. Crossref-verified 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-oceans-003" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-335", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Microplastic Pollution in Deep-Sea Sediments From the Great Australian Bight", "authors": [ "Barrett J", "Chase Z", "Zhang J", "Holl MMB", "Willis K", "Williams A", "Hardesty BD", "Wilcox C" ], "year": 2020, "journal_or_publisher": "Frontiers in Marine Science 7:576170", "doi": "10.3389/fmars.2020.576170", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.576170", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "mass-budget" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Barrett et al. 2020 Front Mar Sci: 51 samples from 16 cores, Great Australian Bight, 1,655–3,062 m; 0–13.6 fragments/g dry sediment; extrapolated ~14 Mt microplastic in the top 9 cm of the global seafloor. Crossref-verified 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-oceans-004" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-336", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Plastic ingestion by marine fish is widespread and increasing", "authors": [ "Savoca MS", "McInturf AG", "Hazen EL" ], "year": 2021, "journal_or_publisher": "Global Change Biology 27:2188-2199", "doi": "10.1111/gcb.15533", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15533", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "exposure" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Savoca, McInturf & Hazen 2021 Global Change Biology: 171,774 fish of 555 species; plastic ingestion in 386 species (210 commercial); 26% incidence where microplastics counted; doubled over a decade, partly through better detection. Crossref-verified 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-oceans-005" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-337", "type": "review", "title": "The impact of debris on marine life", "authors": [ "Gall S", "Thompson R" ], "year": 2015, "journal_or_publisher": "Marine Pollution Bulletin 92:170-179", "doi": "10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.12.041", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.12.041", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "toxicology" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Gall & Thompson 2015 Mar Pollut Bull: review of 340 publications; 693 species encountering marine debris; plastic in 92% of encounters; at least 17% of affected species threatened or near threatened. Crossref-verified 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-oceans-006" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-338", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Slow biological microplastics removal under ocean pollution phase-out trajectories", "authors": [ "Azimrayat Andrews Z", "Kvale K", "Hunt C" ], "year": 2024, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Research Letters 19:064029", "doi": "10.1088/1748-9326/ad472c", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad472c", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "fate", "scenario-model" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Azimrayat Andrews, Kvale & Hunt 2024 ERL: Earth system model with microplastic aggregation; under 1–100%/yr reduction from 2026 the ocean microplastic inventory stabilizes (>5%/yr) but does not substantially decrease by 2100; deep layers keep accumulating. Model estimate. Crossref-verified 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-oceans-007" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-339", "type": "review", "title": "The ecological impacts of marine debris: unraveling the demonstrated evidence from what is perceived", "authors": [ "Rochman CM", "Browne MA", "Underwood AJ", "van Franeker JA", "Thompson RC", "Amaral-Zettler LA" ], "year": 2016, "journal_or_publisher": "Ecology 97(2):302-312", "doi": "10.1890/14-2070.1", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1890/14-2070.1", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "effects", "evidence-quality" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Rochman et al. 2016 systematic review: 366 perceived threats of marine debris, 296 tested, 83% demonstrated; 82% of demonstrated impacts due to plastic and 89% at suborganismal levels; higher-level impacts (death, assemblage change) largely from debris >1 mm. Abstract checked via Crossref API 2026-11-03. Open-access status not checked.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-oceans-008" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-340", "type": "review", "title": "What is known and unknown about the effects of plastic pollution: A meta-analysis and systematic review", "authors": [ "Bucci K", "Tulio M", "Rochman CM" ], "year": 2020, "journal_or_publisher": "Ecological Applications 30(2):e02044", "doi": "10.1002/eap.2044", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2044", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "water", "soil" ], "topics": [ "effects", "environmental-relevance" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Bucci, Tulio & Rochman 2020: 139 lab and field studies, 577 effects across marine, freshwater and terrestrial systems; 59% detected; only 17% of experimental concentrations have been found in nature; 80% of experimental particle sizes fall below the range of most environmental sampling. Abstract checked via Crossref API 2026-11-03. Open-access status not checked.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-oceans-009" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-341", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Microplastics Alter the Properties and Sinking Rates of Zooplankton Faecal Pellets", "authors": [ "Cole M", "Lindeque PK", "Fileman E", "Clark J", "Lewis C", "Halsband C", "Galloway TS" ], "year": 2016, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science & Technology 50(6):3239-3246", "doi": "10.1021/acs.est.5b05905", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b05905", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "effects", "biological-pump", "fate" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Cole et al. 2016 lab study: Calanus helgolandicus exposed to 20.6 µm polystyrene at 1,000 particles/mL egested faecal pellets with lower density, 2.25-fold slower sinking and more fragmentation; transfer via coprophagy shown. Laboratory dose far above field abundances. Abstract checked via Crossref API 2026-11-03. Open-access status not checked.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-oceans-010" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-342", "type": "web", "title": "The Blue Marble (2002): True-color global imagery at 1km resolution", "authors": [ "NASA Goddard Space Flight Center", "Stöckli R", "Simmon R" ], "year": 2002, "journal_or_publisher": "NASA Earth Observatory (NASA Science)", "doi": "", "url": "https://science.nasa.gov/earth/earth-observatory/the-blue-marble-true-color-global-imagery-at-1km-resolution/", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global", "air", "water", "soil" ], "topics": [ "history", "imagery", "credits" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "Official NASA page for the Blue Marble texture used on the home globe: published 26 May 2002; land and coastal-ocean data from MODIS on Terra, June to September 2001; credits Reto Stöckli (land, water, clouds) and Robert Simmon (ocean color, compositing). Page fetched 3 November 2026. [picture-credits unit note] Official NASA page for the Blue Marble composite used as the site's Earth texture; credit lines for Stöckli and Simmon confirmed on the page, HTTP 200 checked on 2026-11-03", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-overview-001", "N-picture-credits-001" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-343", "type": "press", "title": "Tremendous amount of plastic floats as nanoparticles in the ocean", "authors": [ "NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research" ], "year": 2025, "journal_or_publisher": "NIOZ (with Utrecht University)", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.nioz.nl/en/news/tremendous-amount-of-plastic-floats-as-nanoparticles-in-the-ocean", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "measurement", "news" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Institutional press release (9 July 2025) on ten Hietbrink et al. 2025 (S-067): 12 sampling locations on RV Pelagia from the Azores to the European shelf, fraction below 1 µm; polyethylene and polypropylene not found, possibly masked by other molecules. Use only for study details the abstract omits. Page fetched 3 November 2026.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-overview-002" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-344", "type": "site-record", "title": "Home page script and markup of the v6 prototype (data model NP, COPY strings, counter and settings code)", "authors": [ "Nanoplastics planetary observatory" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Nanoplastics planetary observatory (site software record)", "doi": null, "url": "pages/methods.html", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "methods", "model" ], "evidence_hint": "P", "note": "The site's own v6 home code, read 3 November 2026: NP.rates and updateCounters (counter = scenario rate × elapsed time; Σ = air + ocean + soil rates, no overlap accounting), NP.elapsedS with three time bases (session, today, year), humanPartDay only as a settings slider (fmtCount never called; no particle counter in the markup), seeded random canvas particles, fixed snapshot strings. Internal files, not yet public: the repository paths in 'url' are placeholders until the owner publishes the methods page or source code. Supports software-behavior statements only, never scientific findings.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-overview-003" ], "repository_path": "docs/reference/nanoplastika6_script_no_base64.js; docs/reference/nanoplastika6_body_markup.html", "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "site path published by tools/content/build-v7.js" }, { "id": "S-345", "type": "site-record", "title": "Editorial decisions record and complete-solution criterion of the Nanoplastics planetary observatory", "authors": [ "Nanoplastics planetary observatory" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Nanoplastics planetary observatory (site editorial record)", "doi": null, "url": "pages/methods.html", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "methods", "solutions" ], "evidence_hint": "P", "note": "Site editorial record as of 4 November 2026 (decision 38 added: provenance of the four v6 AI visuals, OpenAI gpt-image via Codex, 14 October 2026): decision 25 (the home ≈0% shown in words, 0 / 4 only as a count against a stated criterion) and decision 28 (counter revision: named study alternatives, unsourced values removed, documented on Flows & Model); the four-condition definition of a proven complete solution and its search scope in the solutions-system unit (section 'Why the count stays at 0 of 4'). Internal files, not yet public: the paths in 'url' are placeholders until the owner publishes the methods page. Supports site-process statements only, never scientific findings.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-overview-004" ], "repository_path": "docs/content/GATE0_DECISIONS.md; content/en/solutions-system.md", "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "site path published by tools/content/build-v7.js" }, { "id": "S-346", "type": "press", "title": "Plastic treaty talks chair sees deal possible in March", "authors": [ "Agence France-Presse" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "France 24 (AFP wire), 1 October 2026", "doi": "", "url": "https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20261001-plastic-treaty-talks-chair-sees-deal-possible-in-march", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "policy", "news", "treaty" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "AFP report from the Bangkok heads-of-delegation meeting: chair Julio Cordano expects adoption at INC-5.4 (March 2027) if his roadmap is completed; majority wants binding production measures, a smaller bloc of mostly oil-producing states (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Russia named) prefers a waste focus; consensus versus voting unresolved. [week unit note] Interview report with INC chair Julio Cordano after Bangkok talks; new 'aid to negotiations' planned for November, informal round in January, INC-5.4 in March. france24.com returns 403 to automated requests; text checked in the Wayback Machine capture of 3 Oct 2026 (AFP, 1 Oct 2026).", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-policy-003", "N-week-012" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-347", "type": "report", "title": "Plastics after Geneva: The Global Treaty Talks on the Road to INC-5.4 (MER/26/D12)", "authors": [ "Meridian Research Team" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Meridian Institute (independent research institute), 31 October 2026", "doi": null, "url": "https://meridianaffairs.org/research/plastics-treaty-road-to-inc-5-4", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "policy" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Secondary analysis of the Chair's Aid to Negotiations (8 Aug 2026; wedocs handle 20.500.11822/49807, not machine-readable for us): bracketed health reference, chemicals criterion and voting paragraphs, entry-into-force options 50, 60 or 97 ratifications; Bangkok HoD 27-30 Sep 2026 (427 delegates, 154 members); second iteration planned for Nov 2026; no host offer for INC-5.4 as of 30 Sep 2026, Nairobi reserved as fallback.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-policy-004" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-348", "type": "web", "title": "Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List 6-Draft (91 FR 17186, document 2026-06662)", "authors": [ "US Environmental Protection Agency" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Federal Register, 6 April 2026", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2026/04/06/2026-06662/drinking-water-contaminant-candidate-list-6-draft", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water", "human" ], "topics": [ "policy" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "Official notice read 3 Nov 2026: draft CCL 6 lists 75 chemicals, 4 chemical groups (DBPs, microplastics, PFAS, pharmaceuticals) and 9 microbes; first listing of microplastics, as a group; comments closed 5 June 2026; EPA lists data gaps (health-based definition, validated method, mixtures). Listing sets no limit.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-policy-006" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-349", "type": "web", "title": "Revisions To Establish the Sixth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 6) for Public Water Systems, proposed rule (91 FR 39952, document 2026-13263)", "authors": [ "US Environmental Protection Agency" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Federal Register, 1 July 2026", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2026/07/01/2026-13263/revisions-to-establish-the-sixth-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule-ucmr-6-for-public-water", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water", "human" ], "topics": [ "policy", "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "Official text read 3 Nov 2026: petition of 26 Nov 2025 by the governors of 7 states to include microplastics; EPA does not propose them because no validated EPA or consensus drinking-water method exists and none can be developed before 27 Dec 2026; EPA will evaluate ASTM D8332-20 and D8333-20.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-policy-007" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-350", "type": "web", "title": "The Environmental Protection (Microbeads) (England) Regulations 2017 (SI 2017/1312)", "authors": [ "UK Parliament (Secretary of State, Defra)" ], "year": 2017, "journal_or_publisher": "legislation.gov.uk", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2017/1312/made", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "policy", "prevention", "history" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "Official text read 3 Nov 2026: made 19 Dec 2017; manufacture ban in force 21 days later (9 Jan 2018), supply ban 6 months later (19 Jun 2018); microbead = water-insoluble solid plastic particle <= 5 mm in any dimension; rinse-off personal care products only; applies to England (the other UK nations have their own regulations, not checked here).", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-policy-008" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-351", "type": "web", "title": "Microbeads in Toiletries Regulations (SOR/2017-111)", "authors": [ "Government of Canada" ], "year": 2017, "journal_or_publisher": "Justice Laws Website, Government of Canada", "doi": null, "url": "https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2017-111/FullText.html", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "policy", "prevention", "history" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "Official consolidated text read 3 Nov 2026: registered 2 June 2017, in force 1 Jan 2018 (manufacture and import), sale banned from 1 July 2018; natural health products and non-prescription drugs one year later; microbeads defined by item 133 of the CEPA List of Toxic Substances.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-policy-009" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-352", "type": "web", "title": "关于进一步加强塑料污染治理的意见 (Opinions on Further Strengthening the Control of Plastic Pollution), 发改环资〔2020〕80号", "authors": [ "National Development and Reform Commission", "Ministry of Ecology and Environment (China)" ], "year": 2020, "journal_or_publisher": "National Development and Reform Commission of the People's Republic of China", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/tz/202001/t20200119_1219275.html", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "policy", "prevention" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "Official text (Chinese) read 3 Nov 2026, dated 16 Jan 2020: production of daily-chemical products containing plastic microbeads banned by end of 2020, sale banned by end of 2022.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-policy-010" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-353", "type": "web", "title": "Question écrite n° 17660: Parution du décret issu de la loi AGEC pour pollution microplastiques (question JO 11 Aug 2026; government answer JO 6 Oct 2026, p. 9458)", "authors": [ "Violland A-C", "Ministère de la transition écologique (answer)" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Assemblée nationale (France)", "doi": null, "url": "https://questions.assemblee-nationale.fr/q17/17-17660QE.htm", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "policy" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "Official government answer read 3 Nov 2026: the implementing decree for AGEC art. 79 (filters on new washing machines from 1 Jan 2025) is still not published; reasons given: verifiability of external devices, no European standard for filtration performance, possible barrier to free movement of goods; IGEDD report (Feb 2024) recommended postponing or rewriting the duty. Same answer published for question 18344.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-policy-011" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-354", "type": "web", "title": "Resolution No. 2020-0021: Adoption of definition of 'microplastics in drinking water'", "authors": [ "California State Water Resources Control Board" ], "year": 2020, "journal_or_publisher": "California State Water Resources Control Board", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/board_decisions/adopted_orders/resolutions/2020/rs2020_0021.pdf", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water", "human" ], "topics": [ "policy", "definition" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "Official text read 3 Nov 2026: particles with at least three dimensions greater than 1 nm and less than 5,000 µm; size nomenclature names 'nanoplastics' (1 nm to <100 nm) and 'sub-micron plastics' (100 nm to <1 µm).", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-policy-014" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-355", "type": "report", "title": "Aid to Negotiations: informal reference document by the Chair of the INC to develop an international legally binding instrument on plastic pollution, including in the marine environment (with explanatory note), 8 August 2026", "authors": [ "Cordano J (INC Chair)", "INC Secretariat, UNEP" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "United Nations Environment Programme (wedocs handle 20.500.11822/49807)", "doi": null, "url": "https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/49807", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "policy" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "Official PDF (Aid-to-Negotiations-08082026.pdf, 19 pp.) read 2026-11-03 via the Internet Archive copy of the wedocs item (live site returns a Cloudflare challenge). Explanatory note p.1: 'an informal reference document and does not constitute a negotiated or agreed text'; second iteration to be prepared after the Bangkok HoD meeting (p.3). Art. 1 (p.6) brackets '[human health and]'; Art. 4(1)(e)-(f) (p.7) brackets chemicals of concern and intentionally added microplastics; Art. 6 (p.9) releases and leakages 'including microplastics'; no article on primary plastic production (preambular recital on production bracketed, p.5); Art. 18(5) (p.14) bracketed three-fourths majority as last resort; Art. 27 (p.18) [50th][60th][97th] instrument, [90th][120th] day.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-policy-016" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Wayback CDX capture 20260924085319 (HTTP 303 redirect; live HTTP 403)" }, { "id": "S-356", "type": "web", "title": "Draft United Nations Regulation No. [186]: Uniform provisions concerning the approval of tyres with regard to abrasion performance (Depositary Notification C.N.289.2026.TREATIES-XI.B.16, 30 July 2026)", "authors": [ "Secretary-General of the United Nations (depositary)" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "United Nations Treaty Collection", "doi": null, "url": "https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/CN/2026/CN.289.2026-Eng.pdf", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "air" ], "topics": [ "policy", "sources" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "Official notification read 2026-11-03: draft received from the 1958 Agreement's Administrative Committee on 28 July 2026 (document ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/138); 'will be considered as adopted unless, within a period of six months from this notification, more than one-fifth of the Contracting Parties ... have informed the Secretary-General of their disagreement'; if adopted, enters into force on the date of adoption. The UNECE press page (unece.org/media/Sustainable-Development/press/412239) and document returned HTTP 403 (Cloudflare).", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-policy-017" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-357", "type": "web", "title": "UN Regulation No. 186: Tyre abrasion (rulemaking record and notifications)", "authors": [ "GlobalAutoRegs" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "GlobalAutoRegs (independent database of WP.29 records)", "doi": null, "url": "https://globalautoregs.com/rules/281/notifications", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "air" ], "topics": [ "policy" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Read 2026-11-03: text 'based on WP.29/2026/138 as adopted during the 199th WP.29 session (22-26 Jun)'; stage 1 approvals for new types from 1 July 2028, all types from 30 June 2030; stage 2 from 1 July 2033 (new types) and 30 June 2035 (all). Secondary record; used for the June 2026 session date and stage dates only. European Rubber Journal (9 Sep 2026) gives 30 June 2028 for stage 1 new types, so the exact first day is not settled here.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-policy-018" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-358", "type": "review", "title": "Microplastics in freshwater and terrestrial environments: Evaluating the current understanding to identify the knowledge gaps and future research priorities", "authors": [ "Horton AA", "Walton A", "Spurgeon DJ", "Lahive E", "Svendsen C" ], "year": 2017, "journal_or_publisher": "Science of The Total Environment", "doi": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.190", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.190", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "water", "soil" ], "topics": [ "sources", "occurrence", "gaps" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Horton et al. 2017 review: for the EU, 473,000–910,000 t/yr of plastic waste (mismanaged waste plus sludge microplastic) retained on land, 4–23 times the estimated release to oceans (estimate, all plastic sizes).", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-soil-001" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-359", "type": "journal-article", "title": "A global inventory of small floating plastic debris", "authors": [ "van Sebille E", "Wilcox C", "Lebreton L", "Maximenko N", "Hardesty BD", "van Franeker JA", "Eriksen M", "Siegel D", "et al." ], "year": 2015, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Research Letters", "doi": "10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/124006", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/124006", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "water", "global" ], "topics": [ "mass-budget", "occurrence" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "van Sebille et al. 2015: model-based global inventory of small floating plastic; 93,000–236,000 t at the ocean surface (estimate). Used only as the comparison figure for soil inputs.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-soil-002" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-360", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Microplastics removal from a primary settler tank in a wastewater treatment plant and estimations of contamination onto European agricultural land via sewage sludge recycling", "authors": [ "Lofty J", "Muhawenimana V", "Wilson CAME", "Ouro P" ], "year": 2022, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Pollution", "doi": "10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119198", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119198", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "soil", "water" ], "topics": [ "sources", "treatment" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Lofty et al. 2022: one UK primary settler; extrapolated 31,000–42,000 t/yr of 1–5 mm microplastic to European soils via sludge (estimate, large particles only).", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-soil-003" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-361", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Continents of plastics: An estimate of the stock of microplastics in agricultural soils", "authors": [ "Kedzierski M", "Cirederf-Boulant D", "Palazot M", "Yvin M", "Bruzaud S" ], "year": 2023, "journal_or_publisher": "Science of The Total Environment", "doi": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163294", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163294", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "soil" ], "topics": [ "mass-budget", "occurrence", "gaps" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Kedzierski et al. 2023: first global estimate of the microplastic stock in agricultural soils, 1.5–6.6 Mt, from 442 sites in 43 articles; authors call it a first step.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-soil-004" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-362", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Organic fertilizer as a vehicle for the entry of microplastic into the environment", "authors": [ "Weithmann N", "Möller JN", "Löder MGJ", "Piehl S", "Laforsch C", "Freitag R" ], "year": 2018, "journal_or_publisher": "Science Advances", "doi": "10.1126/sciadv.aap8060", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aap8060", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "soil" ], "topics": [ "sources", "occurrence" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Weithmann et al. 2018: compost and digestate from biowaste plants in Germany contained 14–895 plastic particles >1 mm per kg dry weight; energy-crop digestates almost none.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-soil-005" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-363", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Agricultural plastic mulching as a source of microplastics in the terrestrial environment", "authors": [ "Huang Y", "Liu Q", "Jia W", "Yan C", "Wang J" ], "year": 2020, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Pollution", "doi": "10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114096", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114096", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "soil" ], "topics": [ "sources", "occurrence" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Huang et al. 2020: 384 soil samples, 19 Chinese provinces; microplastics rose from 80 to 1,076 particles/kg soil after 5 to 24 years of continuous mulching; polymers matched the film.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-soil-006" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-364", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Microplastics in the Terrestrial Ecosystem: Implications for Lumbricus terrestris (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae)", "authors": [ "Huerta Lwanga E", "Gertsen H", "Gooren H", "Peters P", "Salánki T", "van der Ploeg M", "Besseling E", "Koelmans AA", "et al." ], "year": 2016, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science & Technology", "doi": "10.1021/acs.est.5b05478", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b05478", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "soil" ], "topics": [ "toxicology" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Huerta Lwanga et al. 2016: Lumbricus terrestris exposed to PE microplastic (<150 µm) in litter at 7–60% w/w; mortality and reduced growth at 28% and above.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-soil-008" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-365", "type": "review", "title": "Global concentrations of microplastics in soils – a review", "authors": [ "Büks F", "Kaupenjohann M" ], "year": 2020, "journal_or_publisher": "SOIL", "doi": "10.5194/soil-6-649-2020", "url": "https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-649-2020", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "soil" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Büks & Kaupenjohann 2020 review: most farm and garden soils studied held <13,000 microplastic items and about 4.5 mg per kg dry soil; mass often modeled from shape, not measured.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-soil-009" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-366", "type": "review", "title": "Research trends of microplastics in the soil environment: Comprehensive screening of effects", "authors": [ "Kim SW", "Rillig MC" ], "year": 2021, "journal_or_publisher": "Soil Ecology Letters", "doi": "10.1007/s42832-021-0077-3", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s42832-021-0077-3", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "soil" ], "topics": [ "toxicology" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Kim & Rillig 2021: 106 datasets; significant effects mainly at 0.1–10% w/w; PNEC-like value 520–655 mg/kg to protect 95% of soil biota and properties (microplastics).", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-soil-010" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-367", "type": "review", "title": "Microplastics and nanoplastics: fate, transport, and governance from agricultural soil to food webs and humans", "authors": [ "Boctor J", "Hoyle FC", "Farag MA", "Ebaid M", "Walsh T", "Whiteley AS", "Murphy DV" ], "year": 2025, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Sciences Europe", "doi": "10.1186/s12302-025-01104-x", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-025-01104-x", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "soil", "human" ], "topics": [ "toxicology", "fate", "gaps" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Boctor et al. 2025 review: separates lab, semi-field and field studies; toxicity tests use up to 50% by volume while field levels are typically below 0.1% w/w.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-soil-011" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-368", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Differentially charged nanoplastics demonstrate distinct accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana", "authors": [ "Sun XD", "Yuan XZ", "Jia Y", "Feng LJ", "Zhu FP", "Dong SS", "Liu J", "Kong X", "et al." ], "year": 2020, "journal_or_publisher": "Nature Nanotechnology", "doi": "10.1038/s41565-020-0707-4", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-020-0707-4", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "soil" ], "topics": [ "fate", "toxicology" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Sun et al. 2020: positively and negatively charged PS nanoplastics accumulate in Arabidopsis; negative ones found in apoplast and xylem; lab conditions, model particles.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-soil-012" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-369", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Polystyrene nano- and microplastic accumulation at Arabidopsis and wheat root cap cells, but no evidence for uptake into roots", "authors": [ "Taylor SE", "Pearce CI", "Sanguinet KA", "Hu D", "Chrisler WB", "Kim YM", "Wang Z", "Flury M" ], "year": 2020, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science: Nano", "doi": "10.1039/d0en00309c", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1039/d0en00309c", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "soil" ], "topics": [ "fate", "dispute" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Taylor et al. 2020: PS nano- and microplastics accumulated at root cap cells of Arabidopsis and wheat but no evidence for uptake into roots (confocal imaging).", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-soil-013" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-370", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Evidence and Impacts of Nanoplastic Accumulation on Crop Grains", "authors": [ "Jiang M", "Wang B", "Ye R", "Yu N", "Xie Z", "Hua Y", "Zhou R", "Tian B", "et al." ], "year": 2022, "journal_or_publisher": "Advanced Science", "doi": "10.1002/advs.202202336", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202202336", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "soil" ], "topics": [ "fate", "toxicology" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Jiang et al. 2022 (CC BY): PS nanoplastics at 250 mg/kg in pot soil translocated from roots to rice and peanut grains; effects on seed setting.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-soil-014" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-371", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Quantitative tracking of nanoplastics along the food chain from lettuce (Lactuca sativa) to snails (Cantareus aspersus)", "authors": [ "Zantis LJ", "Kazour M", "Borchi C", "Agati R", "Colpaert R", "Gimbert F", "Vijver MG", "Peijnenburg W", "et al." ], "year": 2024, "journal_or_publisher": "Science of The Total Environment", "doi": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176848", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176848", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "soil" ], "topics": [ "fate", "exposure" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Zantis et al. 2024: europium-doped 100 nm PS in hydroponic lettuce (15–1,500 µg/L); mostly retained in roots, shoot transfer quantifiable only at the highest dose; snails excreted most.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-soil-015" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-372", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Identification and quantification of nanoplastics in different crops using pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry", "authors": [ "Ye Q", "Wu Y", "Liu W", "Ma X", "He D", "Wang Y", "Li J", "Wu W" ], "year": 2024, "journal_or_publisher": "Chemosphere", "doi": "10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141689", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141689", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "soil" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Ye et al. 2024: py-GC/MS mass of 'nanoplastics' in harvested cowpea, flowering cabbage, rutabaga and chieh-qua, e.g. PE 101–463 mg/kg dry weight, PET up to 1,430 mg/kg in cowpea; single study, not independently replicated; sampling region not checked.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-soil-016" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-373", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Nanoplastic occurrence in a soil amended with plastic debris", "authors": [ "Wahl A", "Le Juge C", "Davranche M", "El Hadri H", "Grassl B", "Reynaud S", "Gigault J" ], "year": 2021, "journal_or_publisher": "Chemosphere", "doi": "10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127784", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127784", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "soil" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "measurement", "landmark" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Wahl et al. 2021: first identification of nanoplastics (20–150 nm; PE, PS, PVC) in a soil amended with plastic debris; size fractionation coupled to py-GC/MS; organic matter complicates detection; occurrence, not a concentration survey.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-soil-017" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-374", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Microplastics undergo accelerated vertical migration in sand soil due to small size and wet-dry cycles", "authors": [ "O'Connor D", "Pan S", "Shen Z", "Song Y", "Jin Y", "Wu WM", "Hou D" ], "year": 2019, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Pollution", "doi": "10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.092", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.092", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "soil" ], "topics": [ "transport" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "O'Connor et al. 2019: sand-column experiments; 21 µm PE moved deepest and wet-dry cycles drove depth; model forecast of 5.24 m average penetration in 100 years for 347 Chinese cities (estimate).", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-soil-019" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-375", "type": "review", "title": "Micro-and nanoplastics in soil: New insights, knowledge gaps and challenges", "authors": [ "Krystek P", "Koelmans AA", "Quik J", "Swart E", "Krause S", "Legler J", "Aardema H", "Vethaak D" ], "year": 2025, "journal_or_publisher": "Chemosphere", "doi": "10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144117", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144117", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "soil" ], "topics": [ "measurement", "gaps" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Krystek et al. 2025: outcomes of a 2024 Utrecht conference (~150 participants); soil MNP analysis faces severe method challenges; typical soil samples <100 g because organic matter must be digested.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-soil-021" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-376", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Pollution: Do microplastics spill on to farm soils?", "authors": [ "Nizzetto L", "Langaas S", "Futter M" ], "year": 2016, "journal_or_publisher": "Nature", "doi": "10.1038/537488b", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/537488b", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "soil", "water" ], "topics": [ "sources", "landmark", "fate", "mass-budget" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Nizzetto, Langaas & Futter 2016 Nature correspondence: 63,000–430,000 t (Europe) and 44,000–300,000 t (North America) per year via sludge, compared with 93,000–236,000 t in ocean surface waters (estimate). [solutions-system unit note] Correspondence: 63,000–430,000 t (Europe) and 44,000–300,000 t (North America) of microplastics may reach farmland each year, mainly via sewage sludge; compared with an estimated 93,000–236,000 t in ocean surface waters (van Sebille et al. 2015). Estimates. Figures confirmed via search summaries and NIVA release; Crossref title checked 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-soil-022", "N-solutions-system-003" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-377", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Nano(micro)plastic mobility in soil: Metallic additives and Sr isotopes as potential tracers", "authors": [ "Wahl A", "Davranche M", "Dia A", "Vilbert D", "Khatib I", "Pattier M", "Ryzhenko N", "Le Coz M", "Peres G", "Catrouillet C", "Pierson-Wickmann AC", "Gigault J" ], "year": 2024, "journal_or_publisher": "Journal of Hazardous Materials", "doi": "10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135153", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135153", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "soil" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "transport", "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Field soil at Cléry-Saint-André, north-central France, amended with household-waste compost in 1990, vs an adjacent reference soil. Nanoplastics in the <0.8 µm soil solution estimated from Sr isotopes at ≈0.25 µg/kg, roughly constant 0–55 cm; authors: mobilizable fraction, not the total in soil. Polypropylene NPs identified by py-GC/MS in soil-solution extracts. Read 3 Nov 2026 from the HAL accepted manuscript (Wayback copy of hal-04642241).", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-soil-024" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-378", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Minimal vertical transport of microplastics in soil over two years with little impact of plastics on soil macropore networks", "authors": [ "Schefer RB", "Koestel J", "Mitrano DM" ], "year": 2025, "journal_or_publisher": "Communications Earth & Environment", "doi": "10.1038/s43247-025-02237-w", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02237-w", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "soil" ], "topics": [ "transport", "effects" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Two-year field experiment (11 Oct 2021–12 Oct 2023), Zürich-Reckenholz, Switzerland, loam: 45 repacked columns (10 cm wide, 9 cm high, open base) with indium-doped PET fragments (65–125 µm) or fibers (30 µm, 0.5–2 mm) at 1 wt% in the top 2 cm; ≈1% reached below 8 cm; macropore structure changed with time independent of plastic. Full text read 3 Nov 2026 (PMC11981934).", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-soil-025" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-379", "type": "journal-article", "title": "A standardized soil-based biotest to investigate the phytoavailability of nanoplastics", "authors": [ "Beggio G", "Roman M", "Mitrano DM", "Bravin MN", "Ndiforngu ASN", "Sandon A", "Bonato T", "Lavagnolo MC" ], "year": 2025, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science: Nano", "doi": "10.1039/d5en00328h", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1039/d5en00328h", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "soil" ], "topics": [ "plants", "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "RHIZOtest with tomato in artificial soil spiked with Pd-doped PS particles (Z-average 210 nm) at 400 and 4,000 mg/kg dm; after eight days Pd found in roots and shoots; ≈5% of spiked particles taken up; translocation factor ≈25%; mass balance 97–100%. High-dose method test. Abstract checked 3 Nov 2026 (PubMed 40708568).", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-soil-026" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-380", "type": "review", "title": "Occurrence and environmental consequences of microplastics and nanoplastics from agricultural reuse of wastewater and biosolids in the soil ecosystem: A review", "authors": [ "Carpanez TG", "Castro LMC", "Amaral MCS", "Moreira VR" ], "year": 2025, "journal_or_publisher": "Science of The Total Environment", "doi": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179538", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179538", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "soil", "water" ], "topics": [ "sources", "irrigation" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Review of wastewater and biosolids reused on farmland: reported counts in municipal wastewater average 2,226 MP/L (0.08–31,400); other reuse matrices largely unexplored; nanoplastic methods nonspecific. Gives no soil mass flux via irrigation. Abstract checked 3 Nov 2026.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-soil-027" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-381", "type": "review", "title": "Microplastics removal in wastewater treatment plants: a critical review", "authors": [ "Iyare PU", "Ouki SK", "Bond T" ], "year": 2020, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 6:2664–2675", "doi": "10.1039/D0EW00397B", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1039/D0EW00397B", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water", "soil" ], "topics": [ "treatment", "solutions", "fate" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Review of 21 studies: average microplastic removal about 88% (secondary) and 94% (tertiary), most removed in preliminary/primary steps (about 72%); removed particles largely end up in sludge. Percentages confirmed through two independent search summaries of the paper; full text (CC BY-NC) blocked to automated fetch on 2026-11-03. Crossref title checked 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-solutions-system-001" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-382", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Therapeutic apheresis: An effective strategy for a combined targeting of circulating lipoproteins, inflammatory markers, PFAS, and microplastics in cardiometabolic and neurodegenerative disease?", "authors": [ "Bornstein SR", "Kanczkowski W", "Walther R", "Kronstein-Wiedemann R", "Fischer D", "Oikonomakos I", "Rodionov RN", "Tselmin S", "et al." ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Brain Health (Genomic Press)", "doi": "10.61373/bh026a.0024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.61373/bh026a.0024", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "solutions", "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Preliminary findings, TU Dresden, published 4 Aug 2026 (CC BY 4.0): DFPP in small groups; py-GC/MS polyethylene fell in 4/4 patients, polystyrene rose in one; Nile Red nanoparticle counts fell about 70% in 4 patients, not significant. Abstract via Crossref; result details from News-Medical summary (4 Aug 2026) because the publisher page blocked automated fetch. Full text still blocked (JavaScript wall) on 2026-11-03; result details on the page are attributed to the News-Medical summary S-383.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-solutions-system-004" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-383", "type": "press", "title": "Blood filtration method helps clear circulating lipids and toxic microplastics", "authors": [ "News-Medical" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "News-Medical.net, 4 August 2026", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.news-medical.net/news/20260804/Blood-filtration-method-helps-clear-circulating-lipids-and-toxic-microplastics.aspx", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "solutions" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Secondary summary of Bornstein et al. 2026 (S-382), read 2026-11-03: py-GC/MS on blood from four patients, polyethylene fell in all four and PVC in three of four, polystyrene rose in one; Nile Red nanoparticle counts fell about 70% on average in four patients, not significant at that cohort size; Nile Red stains hydrophobic substances generally. Used only because the primary full text is blocked.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-solutions-system-006" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-384", "type": "web", "title": "Crossref acquires Retraction Watch data and opens it for the scientific community", "authors": [ "Hendricks G", "Lammey R", "Ofiesh L", "Bilder G", "Pentz E" ], "year": 2023, "journal_or_publisher": "Crossref (blog / news release, 12 September 2023)", "doi": "10.13003/c23rw1d9", "url": "https://doi.org/10.13003/c23rw1d9", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "correction", "standards" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "Primary announcement that Crossref acquired the Retraction Watch database and made it a public resource; Retraction Watch keeps populating it. Crossref type 'report'; title matched via Crossref API on 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-sources-001" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-385", "type": "web", "title": "Retraction Watch (Crossref documentation, Metadata Retrieval)", "authors": [ "Crossref" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Crossref", "doi": "", "url": "https://www.crossref.org/documentation/retrieve-metadata/retraction-watch/", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "correction", "standards" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "How the Retraction Watch data are accessed: update-to field in the REST API with source 'publisher' or 'retraction-watch'; CSV updated every working day; corrections and expressions of concern less complete than retractions. Page read 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-sources-002" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-386", "type": "web", "title": "REST API (Crossref documentation, Metadata Retrieval)", "authors": [ "Crossref" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Crossref", "doi": "", "url": "https://www.crossref.org/documentation/retrieve-metadata/rest-api/", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "standards" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "Public REST API at api.crossref.org: no sign-up, JSON metadata deposited by members, /works/{doi} and /works/{doi}/agency endpoints, includes post-publication updates. Page read 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-sources-003" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-387", "type": "web", "title": "Crossmark (Crossref documentation)", "authors": [ "Crossref" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Crossref", "doi": "", "url": "https://www.crossref.org/documentation/crossmark/", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "correction", "standards" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "Crossmark shows readers the current status of an item (corrections, retractions, updates); Crossref states the presence of Crossmark is not a guarantee. Page read 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-sources-004" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-388", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Post retraction citations in context: a case study", "authors": [ "Bar-Ilan J", "Halevi G" ], "year": 2017, "journal_or_publisher": "Scientometrics 113:547–565", "doi": "10.1007/s11192-017-2242-0", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-017-2242-0", "open_access": null, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "correction" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "238 documents citing articles retracted in 2014 (ScienceDirect, citations Jan 2015–Mar 2016): the vast majority of post-retraction citations were positive. Single case study, one publisher. Title matched via Crossref API on 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-sources-005" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-389", "type": "web", "title": "About bioRxiv", "authors": [ "bioRxiv / openRxiv" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "openRxiv", "doi": "", "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/about-biorxiv", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "standards" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "States that bioRxiv articles are not peer-reviewed, edited or typeset before posting; only basic screening. Page read 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-sources-006" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-390", "type": "site-record", "title": "Sources registry of the Nanoplastics planetary observatory (content/sources.json)", "authors": [ "Nanoplastics planetary observatory" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Nanoplastics planetary observatory (site methodology record: sources registry)", "doi": null, "url": "data/sources.json", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "numbers" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "The site's own registry; source of the snapshot counts by type and year (3 November 2026: 160 entries in content/sources.json before merging sources.new). URL is the repository path; no public download exists yet (planned; owner to set the public URL).", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-sources-007" ], "repository_path": "content/sources.json", "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "site path published by tools/content/build-v7.js" }, { "id": "S-391", "type": "web", "title": "About EarthArXiv", "authors": [ "EarthArXiv" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "EarthArXiv (hosted by California Digital Library)", "doi": "", "url": "https://eartharxiv.org/repository/about/", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "standards" ], "evidence_hint": "P", "note": "Preprint server for the earth sciences, active since 2017; assigns DOIs; states that it 'does not evaluate the scientific quality of submissions'. Page fetched (HTTP 200) and read 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-sources-008" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-392", "type": "site-record", "title": "Methods and production record of the Nanoplastics planetary observatory (project brief, content schema and tools, agent prompts, registry build notes, verification and review audits)", "authors": [ "Nanoplastics planetary observatory" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Nanoplastics planetary observatory (site methodology record)", "doi": null, "url": "pages/methods.html", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "sources", "standards", "methods", "process" ], "evidence_hint": "P", "note": "The site's own process record (decision 24): docs/content/00_PROJECT_BRIEF.md, tools/content/README.md, docs/content/sources-notes.md (registry build and Crossref update queries), docs/audits/verify-*.md and review-*.md (claim verification and second-model review, 3 November 2026). Repository paths until published as a methods page; owner to set the public URL. Overlaps S-392 (work unit's methodology record), which does not include the registry notes or audits; librarian to merge or dedupe. [work unit note] The site's own methodology record (GATE0 decision 24): hard rules and evidence levels (00_PROJECT_BRIEF.md), claims-ledger format (schema.md §2), validation and build pipeline (tools/content/README.md), writer, verifier, Codex review and fixer instructions (docs/content/prompts/). Internal files as of 3 November 2026, not yet public: the repository paths in 'url' are placeholders until the owner publishes the methods page; the toolsmith or owner must replace them with the public URL before release. Supports site-process statements only, never scientific findings.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-sources-009", "N-work-003" ], "repository_path": "docs/content/00_PROJECT_BRIEF.md | docs/content/00_PROJECT_BRIEF.md; tools/content/README.md; tools/content/schema.md; docs/content/prompts/", "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "site path published by tools/content/build-v7.js" }, { "id": "S-393", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Intrinsic physicochemical activity at microplastic–water interfaces", "authors": [ "Qian N", "Zhao R", "Chan KY", "Vuong VG", "Gao X", "Zhao Z", "LaCour RA", "Dai Y", "Stapleton PA", "Yan B", "Head-Gordon T", "Min W" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Nature 658:650–657", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-026-11141-y", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-11141-y", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water", "human" ], "topics": [ "toxicity", "mechanism", "news" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Published online 14 Oct 2026; commodity microplastics generate reactive oxygen species at the plastic–water interface (lab and ab initio). Crossref and nature.com checked 2026-11-03.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-week-001" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-394", "type": "press", "title": "Microplastics Are Chemically Active, and Could Cause Biological Harm", "authors": [ "Columbia Climate School" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Columbia Climate School (State of the Planet), 14 October 2026", "doi": "", "url": "https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2026/10/14/microplastics-are-chemically-active-and-could-cause-biological-harm/", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water", "human" ], "topics": [ "news" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "University press article for S-393; names the Columbia and UC Berkeley teams.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-week-002" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-395", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Hydroclimatic-driven pulse enrichment amplifies riverine microplastic export in developing countries", "authors": [ "Qin H", "Liu M", "Zhang Y", "Zhang Q", "Xiao C", "Zhou C", "Cai X", "Qiu X", "Wang X" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Science 393:eaeb4487", "doi": "10.1126/science.aeb4487", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aeb4487", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "flows", "rivers", "news" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Published 10 Sep 2026; global daily river microplastic export model trained on 1,386 measurements; 96% of export from the Global South. Abstract via Crossref and Europe PMC; science.org blocks automated access.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-week-003" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-396", "type": "press", "title": "Rivers may be carrying more microplastics into the world's oceans than previously thought", "authors": [ "Arnold P" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Phys.org, 14 September 2026", "doi": "", "url": "https://phys.org/news/2026-09-rivers-microplastics-world-oceans-previously.html", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "news" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Coverage of S-395; gives the 2022 total of about 263,000 metric tons and the prior range of 6,100 to 2.31 million metric tons per year.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-week-004" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-397", "type": "press", "title": "A global study shows that heavy rainfall increases the transport of microplastics via rivers (expert reaction)", "authors": [ "Science Media Centre Spain" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "SMC España, 10 September 2026", "doi": "", "url": "https://sciencemediacentre.es/en/global-study-shows-heavy-rainfall-increases-transport-microplastics-rivers", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "news", "dispute" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Expert reaction by Roberto Rosal (University of Alcalá) to S-395: count-to-mass conversion and machine-learning interpretability as limits.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-week-005" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-398", "type": "journal-article", "title": "River Plastic Retention and Export across Europe", "authors": [ "Stibora M", "van Emmerik THM", "González-Fernández D", "Weerts A", "Sánchez-Guerrero-Hernández MJ", "Everaert G", "Waldschläger K" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science & Technology", "doi": "10.1021/acs.est.6c03752", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6c03752", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water", "soil" ], "topics": [ "flows", "rivers", "news" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Published online 23 Oct 2026 (CC BY 4.0). Abstract (Crossref, PubMed 42945148): of 3.55 Mt/yr of plastics emitted to the environment, 16.9 (15.7–35.1) kt/yr microplastic and 3.2 (1.4–12.1) kt/yr macroplastic are exported from river outlets; 159.0 kt/yr microplastic retained in rivers. The abstract's per-class shares (0.1% micro, 0.5% macro) cannot be reconciled with these masses against the 3.55 Mt denominator; the site uses the all-plastic fraction (about 0.6%, about 20,000 t reaching river mouths) stated in the Wageningen release (S-415). Model year 2015; microplastics 1–5,000 µm. Full text: pubs.acs.org returns 403 (checked 3 Nov 2026).", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-week-006" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-399", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Persistent influx of atmospheric microplastics and nanoplastics to Mount Everest driven by large scale circulation", "authors": [ "Wang Y", "Guo Q", "Wu J", "Xi Z", "Xu X", "Ye Q", "Long X", "Jia H", "Xing B" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Communications Earth & Environment", "doi": "10.1038/s43247-026-04206-3", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-026-04206-3", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "air" ], "topics": [ "deposition", "nanoplastics", "news" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Published 30 Oct 2026; year-long deposition sampling at Qomolangma Station and Everest Base Camp; upscaled 56.4 t/year microplastic input to the Tibetan Plateau above 4,000 m (estimate).", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-week-007" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-400", "type": "journal-article", "title": "High fiber diet mitigates exposure risk of nanoplastics in male mice", "authors": [ "Yu Z", "Abulipizi G", "Fang Y", "Qu C", "Ding L", "Zong Z", "Huang J", "Chen Z", "Zhou J", "Li Z", "Zeng EY" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Nature Communications", "doi": "10.1038/s41467-026-78675-7", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-78675-7", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "exposure", "mitigation", "news" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Published 15 Oct 2026; nanoplastic gut retention 2x and 7x lower on medium- and high-fiber diets in male mice, 24 h after oral dose.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-week-008" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-401", "type": "report", "title": "Microplastics in Me: Finding Plastics in Human Blood", "authors": [ "Small Change Fund", "Plastic Pollution Coalition", "Plastic People", "Canadian Association of Physicians for the Environment" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Plastic Pollution Coalition, 27 October 2026", "doi": "", "url": "https://www.plasticpollutioncoalition.org/blog/2026/10/27/microplastics-in-me-report", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "occurrence", "measurement", "dispute", "news" ], "evidence_hint": "D", "note": "Advocacy report, not peer reviewed; 28 selected public figures. Method 1 py-GC/MS on red blood cells and plasma (27 of 28 positive, eight polymers). Method 2 flow cytometry with Nile red staining on plasma of 24 participants; counts do not identify the polymer of each particle. Unit conflict in the report (printed p. 36): narrative and Figure E say particles per microliter, Figure F says 'thousands per mL'; table maximum 197,656 vs narrative 197,000. Full report PDF: S-416; method note: S-417.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-week-009" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-402", "type": "press", "title": "California adds microplastics to Candidate Chemicals List", "authors": [ "Parkinson L" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Food Packaging Forum, 28 October 2026", "doi": "", "url": "https://foodpackagingforum.org/news/california-adds-microplastics-to-candidate-chemicals-list", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "policy", "news" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Secondary report. DTSC listing effective 1 Oct 2026; definition < 5 mm, no lower limit; no immediate restrictions; no Priority Products proposed yet. Filing and effective dates confirmed in the official Notice Register (S-414); definition and Priority Products status not checked at DTSC (403).", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-week-010" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-403", "type": "web", "title": "California Lists 'Microplastics' as Candidate Chemical under its Safer Consumer Products Program", "authors": [ "Keller and Heckman LLP" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Keller and Heckman (packaginglaw.com), 8 July 2026", "doi": "", "url": "https://www.packaginglaw.com/news/california-lists-microplastics-candidate-chemical-under-its-safer-consumer-products-program", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "policy" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Law-firm note corroborating S-402: final rule published 18 Jun 2026, effective 1 Oct 2026; list holds more than 3,000 substances. DTSC pages block automated access.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-week-011" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-404", "type": "press", "title": "Pacific calls for a strong, implementable global plastics treaty in Bangkok", "authors": [ "Pacific Islands News Association" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "PINA, 30 September 2026", "doi": "", "url": "https://pina.com.fj/2026/09/30/pacific-calls-for-a-strong-implementable-global-plastics-treaty-in-bangkok/", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "policy", "treaty" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Confirms the Bangkok heads-of-delegation meeting dates (27–30 Sep 2026, UN Conference Centre) and INC-5.4 in March 2027.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-week-013" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-405", "type": "press", "title": "FAO maps plastic pollution pathways from food systems to human health", "authors": [ "Food Packaging Forum" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Food Packaging Forum, 14 October 2026", "doi": "", "url": "https://foodpackagingforum.org/news/fao-maps-plastic-pollution-pathways-from-food-systems-to-human-health", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "soil", "human" ], "topics": [ "policy", "news" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Reports FAO technical brief (S-406) as published 21 Sep 2026.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-week-014" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-406", "type": "report", "title": "Plastic pollution in agrifood systems and One Health: Impact pathways and policy implications", "authors": [ "Yates J", "Deeney M", "Scott S", "Lindemann H", "Neretin L" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome", "doi": "", "url": "https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/8761a886-f818-4343-b829-133ec60c3bd3/content", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "soil", "water", "human" ], "topics": [ "policy", "exposure" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "30-page technical brief, available 21 Sep 2026 (FAO repository record ce1526en). States that 'an estimated 13.4 million tonnes of agricultural plastics are used annually', citing Nizzetto et al. 2025 (FAO working paper 111, doi 10.4060/cd6407en), and 37.3 Mt in food packaging, citing FAO 2021; the brief gives no reference year for either figure. States that uncertainties remain on health and food-safety implications of current dietary exposure.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-week-015" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-407", "type": "press", "title": "Chemical companies' scientists tracked early microplastics risks, internal memos show", "authors": [ "Rust S" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Los Angeles Times, 26 October 2026", "doi": "", "url": "https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2026-10-26/industry-executives-knew-for-decades-about-microplastics", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "history", "policy", "news" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Investigative report on 1970s–1980s industry documents about Volkheimer's 1974 particle-uptake research; American Chemistry Council response included.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-week-016" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-408", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Microplastic size matters—Report every particle", "authors": [ "Zhao S", "Galgani L", "Kvale K", "Suaria G", "Nakajima R", "Manno C", "Löder MGJ", "Kim SK", "Wu N", "Purca S", "Romera-Castillo C", "Choy CA", "Zhu L" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123(43):e2606174123 (Opinion)", "doi": "10.1073/pnas.2606174123", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2606174123", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "measurement", "methods", "news" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Published 21 Oct 2026; labeled 'OPINION' on the publisher's PDF (open copy, NERC archive https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/542645, CC BY-NC-ND); PMC JATS tags it research-article. Of 1,431 marine microplastic studies (2004–2026), 72% binned sizes, 13% range only, 13% no size, 2% raw particle sizes.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-week-017" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-409", "type": "journal-article", "title": "First evidence of nanoplastics in Antarctica soil", "authors": [ "Le QNP", "Evangeliou N", "Halsall C", "Quinton JN", "Surridge BWJ", "Ashton L", "Eckhardt S", "Ruggiero L", "Sciarra A", "Florindo F", "Zaccone C", "Materić D" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Scientific Reports 16:30753", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-60433-w", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-60433-w", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "soil" ], "topics": [ "nanoplastics", "occurrence" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Published 4 Jul 2026 (outside the news window); listed under 'excluded' on the week page; candidate for soil or landmarks.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-week-018" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-410", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Retraction Note: FTIR based assessment of microplastic contamination in soil water and insect ecosystems reveals environmental and ecological risks", "authors": [ "Rathikannu S", "Gautam S", "Joshi SK", "Katharine P", "Mithra KE", "Banusaranya P", "Amudhavarshini VM", "Gayatri R", "Ho CH" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Scientific Reports 16:27509", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-69599-9", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-69599-9", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "soil", "water" ], "topics": [ "retraction", "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Retraction note published 2 Sep 2026 (two days before the window) for a 2025 article (10.1038/s41598-025-14507-w).", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-week-019" ], "notice_for": [ { "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-14507-w", "type": "retraction" } ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-411", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Surface plasmon resonance biosensor with plastic-binding peptide for nanoplastic detection in environmental water", "authors": [ "Hirose M", "Chanpanich P", "Keang K", "Cheng S", "Toma M" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Biosensors and Bioelectronics 308:118748", "doi": "10.1016/j.bios.2026.118748", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2026.118748", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Press release 8 Sep 2026 (Institute of Science Tokyo); Crossref record created 9 May 2026, so the paper was likely online before the window; excluded.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-week-020" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-412", "type": "web", "title": "Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List (CCL) and Regulatory Determination", "authors": [ "US Environmental Protection Agency" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "US EPA", "doi": "", "url": "https://www.epa.gov/ccl", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "policy" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "Checked 3 Nov 2026: CCL 6 listed as 'in progress'; draft announced 2 Apr 2026 with 75 chemicals, 4 chemical groups and 9 microbes; page last updated 9 Sep 2026.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-week-021" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-413", "type": "press", "title": "EPA, HHS Announce Historic Actions to Protect Americans from Microplastics and Safeguard Drinking Water", "authors": [ "US Environmental Protection Agency" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "US EPA news release, 2 April 2026", "doi": "", "url": "https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-hhs-announce-historic-actions-protect-americans-microplastics-and-safeguard", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "policy" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "Official release: microplastics included as a priority contaminant group in the draft CCL 6 (outside the news window; used only for the status note).", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-week-022" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-414", "type": "report", "title": "California Regulatory Notice Register 2026, Number 27-Z (3 July 2026): Department of Toxic Substances Control, File 2026-0506-01, Adding Microplastics to the Candidate Chemicals List", "authors": [ "California Office of Administrative Law" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "California Office of Administrative Law", "doi": "", "url": "https://oal.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/166/2026/07/2026-Notice-Register-No.-27-Z-July-3-2026.pdf", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "policy", "news" ], "evidence_hint": "P", "note": "Official register, opened 3 Nov 2026: amends 22 CCR 69502.2 to add 'microplastics' to the Candidate Chemicals list; filed with the Secretary of State 06/18/2026; effective 10/01/2026.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-week-023" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-415", "type": "press", "title": "European rivers retain far more plastic than they carry to the sea", "authors": [ "Wageningen University & Research" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Wageningen University & Research news release via Newswise, 30 October 2026", "doi": "", "url": "https://www.newswise.com/articles/european-rivers-retain-far-more-plastic-than-they-carry-to-the-sea", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water", "soil" ], "topics": [ "flows", "rivers", "news" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Release on Stibora et al. 2026 (S-398), opened 3 Nov 2026: 8,671 river systems; of 3.55 Mt of plastic entering the European environment in 2015, >93% remained on land, 6% was retained in rivers and 'only 0.6%, approximately 20,000 tonnes, reached river mouths'; microplastics defined as 1–5,000 µm; calculations based on 2015 data. Also on Phys.org, 29 Oct 2026.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-week-024" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-416", "type": "report", "title": "Microplastics in Me: Finding Plastics in Human Blood (full report PDF)", "authors": [ "Small Change Fund", "Plastic Pollution Coalition", "Plastic People", "Canadian Association of Physicians for the Environment" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Plastic Pollution Coalition, 27 October 2026", "doi": "", "url": "https://www.plasticpollutioncoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/Microplastics-in-Me-Finding-Plastics-in-Human-Blood-REPORT-Oct-27-2026.pdf", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "measurement", "dispute", "news" ], "evidence_hint": "D", "note": "Opened 3 Nov 2026. Printed p. 36: flow cytometry on plasma of 24 participants; narrative range 1,890 to 197,000 particles per microliter, blanks < 300 per microliter; Figure F caption says 'thousands per mL'; table maximum 197,656. Results 'are not medical test results' and 'cannot diagnose a health condition'. Lipid removal with cyclohexane before py-GC/MS.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-week-025" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-417", "type": "report", "title": "Microplastics in Me: blood methodology note", "authors": [ "Plastic Pollution Coalition" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Plastic Pollution Coalition, 27 October 2026", "doi": "", "url": "https://www.plasticpollutioncoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/Blood_Method-Microplastics-In-Me-Report-10-27-26.pdf", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "measurement", "news" ], "evidence_hint": "D", "note": "Opened 3 Nov 2026. Py-GC/MS after digestion, ultracentrifugation and 50 nm filters (settings as Nihart et al.); flow cytometry on 20 µL plasma aliquots, 'Nile red was used as a stain to distinguish polymer-based particles'.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-week-026" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-418", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Retraction notice to \"Influence of cephalexin on cadmium adsorption onto microplastic particles in water: Human health risk evaluation\" [Heliyon 10 (2024) e37775]", "authors": [ "Heliyon" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Heliyon", "doi": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e45492", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e45492", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "methods", "news" ], "evidence_hint": "P", "note": "Crossref record checked 3 Nov 2026: created 30 Sep 2026, issue October 2026, update to 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37775. Notice text not opened (publisher 403); reason for retraction not checked.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-week-027" ], "notice_for": [ { "doi": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37775", "type": "erratum" } ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-419", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Editorial Expression of Concern: Impact of polystyrene microplastics on major marine primary (phytoplankton) and secondary producers (copepod)", "authors": [ "Archives of Microbiology" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Archives of Microbiology", "doi": "10.1007/s00203-026-05201-0", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-026-05201-0", "open_access": false, "systems": [ "water" ], "topics": [ "methods", "news" ], "evidence_hint": "P", "note": "Crossref record checked 3 Nov 2026: published 24 Sep 2026, expression of concern on 10.1007/s00203-021-02697-6. Notice text not opened (publisher bot check); reason not checked.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-week-028" ], "notice_for": [ { "doi": "10.1007/s00203-021-02697-6", "type": "expression_of_concern" } ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-420", "type": "web", "title": "The Lancet Countdown on Health and Plastics (program page)", "authors": [ "Boston College Global Observatory on Planetary Health" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Boston College", "doi": "", "url": "https://www.bc.edu/content/bc-web/research/sites/global-observatory-planetary-health/programs-initiatives/plastics-countdown", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "human" ], "topics": [ "policy", "news" ], "evidence_hint": "P", "note": "Opened 3 Nov 2026: newest items are the launch (4 Aug 2025) and the call for indicator proposals (deadline 9 Jan 2026); no first indicator report posted. A Crossref title search for 'Lancet Countdown' and plastics (2026) found none either.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-week-030" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-421", "type": "web", "title": "Blue Marble (NASA Science resource page)", "authors": [ "NASA Goddard Space Flight Center", "Stöckli R", "Simmon R" ], "year": 2002, "journal_or_publisher": "NASA", "doi": "", "url": "https://science.nasa.gov/resource/blue-marble/", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "history" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "Official NASA resource page for the Blue Marble composite: MODIS on Terra, visualization date 2 August 2002, credits Reto Stöckli and Robert Simmon. Its summary ('stitched together months of observations of the land surface, oceans, sea ice, and clouds') is not layer-specific: per NASA's Earth Observatory page (S-342) only the land and coastal ocean come from June–September 2001, while the clouds are two days of visible imagery plus one day of thermal infrared. Not cited by the work unit after the 3 November 2026 fix; use S-342 for layer facts.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-work-001" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200 (status only)" }, { "id": "S-422", "type": "report", "title": "Authorship and AI tools (COPE position statement)", "authors": [ "COPE Council" ], "year": 2024, "journal_or_publisher": "Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)", "doi": "10.24318/cCVRZBms", "url": "https://doi.org/10.24318/cCVRZBms", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "standards" ], "evidence_hint": "A", "note": "COPE position 'Authorship and AI tools': AI tools cannot be listed as authors because they cannot take responsibility for the submitted work; authors must disclose how and which AI tool was used. First issued February 2023 (page shows 'Last reviewed: 13 February 2023'); current version 20 August 2024 ('Version 1 published' in the change history; Crossref issued date 2024-08-20, type report, publisher Committee on Publication Ethics; checked 3 November 2026). Landing page https://publicationethics.org/guidance/cope-position/authorship-and-ai-tools returns HTTP 403 to automated requests; text read from the Wayback snapshot of 1 January 2026. License CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.", "verified_doi": true, "merged_from": [ "N-work-002" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-423", "type": "web", "title": "Commission Delegated Decision (EU) 2024/1441 — consolidated text (version of 21 May 2024, incorporating the corrigenda of 22 January 2025 and 22 July 2025)", "authors": [ "European Commission" ], "year": 2025, "journal_or_publisher": "Publications Office of the European Union (EUR-Lex consolidated text)", "doi": null, "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02024D1441-20240521", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "water", "human" ], "topics": [ "policy", "measurement" ], "evidence_hint": "P", "note": "Consolidated version 02024D1441-20240521 (ELI http://data.europa.eu/eli/dec_del/2024/1441/2024-05-21) of S-132; Cellar metadata (queried 4 November 2026) lists two corrigenda, 32024D1441R(01) of 22 January 2025 and 32024D1441R(02) of 22 July 2025, and no amending act. Year 2025 = consolidation including the July 2025 corrigendum. EUR-Lex HTML returned a bot challenge; metadata checked through the Cellar SPARQL endpoint.", "verified_doi": false, "consolidates": "S-132", "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "EU Cellar SPARQL metadata (EUR-Lex page bot challenge)" }, { "id": "S-424", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Engineered Polystyrene-Based Microplastics of High Environmental Relevance", "authors": [ "Sarkar AK", "Rubin AE", "Zucker I" ], "year": 2021, "journal_or_publisher": "Environmental Science & Technology", "doi": "10.1021/acs.est.1c02196", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c02196", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "degradation", "imagery" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Engineered polystyrene microplastics characterized by HR-SEM; Figure 4B (cracks after heating at 70 °C for 6 or 12 h, 10 µm scale bars) is the IMG-definition-03 micrograph under CC BY 4.0 (decision 32). Simulated aging, not field weathering. Crossref: ES&T 55(15):10491–10501, published 22 July 2021, license CC BY 4.0 (checked 4 November 2026).", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "Crossref API" }, { "id": "S-425", "type": "web", "title": "Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation)", "authors": [ "European Parliament", "Council of the European Union" ], "year": 2016, "journal_or_publisher": "Official Journal of the European Union, L 119, 4 May 2016, p. 1", "doi": null, "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "privacy", "site" ], "evidence_hint": "P", "note": "Legal text cited by the privacy statement. Read on 4 November 2026 in the Official Journal text served by the EU Publications Office (https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32016R0679, OJ L 119/1 of 4.5.2016); eur-lex.europa.eu answered automated requests with an HTTP 202 bot challenge. Article titles checked: 6 Lawfulness of processing (1)(a) consent, (1)(f) legitimate interests; 7(3) withdrawal of consent; 13 information where data are collected from the data subject; 15 access; 16 rectification; 17 erasure; 18 restriction; 19 notification obligation; 20 data portability (only for processing based on consent or contract and carried out by automated means); 21 right to object (processing based on 6(1)(e) or (f)); 77 right to lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-privacy-001" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "full text read (Publications Office cellar, CELEX 32016R0679)" }, { "id": "S-426", "type": "web", "title": "Agencija za zaštitu osobnih podataka (AZOP), Croatian Personal Data Protection Agency: home page and \"How to lodge a complaint\"", "authors": [ "Agencija za zaštitu osobnih podataka" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "Croatian Personal Data Protection Agency", "doi": null, "url": "https://azop.hr/", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "privacy", "site" ], "evidence_hint": "P", "note": "Official site read on 4 November 2026. The English page (https://azop.hr/en/naslovna-english/) describes AZOP as the 'Croatian supervisory authority responsible for monitoring the application of the GDPR'; complaint procedure at https://azop.hr/how-to-lodge-a-complaint/. Year = date read.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-privacy-002" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200, page text read" }, { "id": "S-427", "type": "web", "title": "Our members (national data protection authorities of the EU and EEA)", "authors": [ "European Data Protection Board" ], "year": 2026, "journal_or_publisher": "European Data Protection Board", "doi": null, "url": "https://www.edpb.europa.eu/about-edpb/about-edpb/members_en", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "global" ], "topics": [ "privacy", "site" ], "evidence_hint": "P", "note": "Read on 4 November 2026: the EDPB is composed of representatives of the EU national data protection authorities and the EDPS, with the EFTA EEA authorities (IS, LI, NO) as members for GDPR matters; the page lists contact details per country, including Croatia: Agencija za zaštitu osobnih podataka (AZOP), www.azop.hr. Used to point readers to their own country's authority. Year = date read.", "verified_doi": false, "merged_from": [ "N-privacy-003" ], "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200, page text read" }, { "id": "S-428", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Characterization and health risk assessment of airborne microplastics in Delhi NCR", "authors": [ "Rao M. N.", "Ghude S. D.", "Nivdange S. D.", "Panchang R.", "Pipal A. S.", "Mukherjee A.", "Sharma H.", "Kumar V." ], "year": 2025, "journal_or_publisher": "Scientific Reports 15: 25662", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-04306-8", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-04306-8", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "atmosphere" ], "topics": [ "airborne microplastics", "SEM", "Delhi" ], "evidence_hint": "C", "note": "Added 4 November 2026 by the atmosphere-08 image hunt: source of the SEM micrograph bound as IMG-atmosphere-08 (figure 7, bottom-right panel). CC BY 4.0 per the nature.com rights section and Europe PMC (PMC12263988). The paper gives no polymer or size for the individual SEM particles; the caption uses only the scale bar. Audit: docs/audits/hunt-atmosphere-08.md.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "HTTP 200, nature.com article page and Europe PMC full text read by the hunter" }, { "id": "S-429", "type": "journal-article", "title": "Confocal measurement of microplastics uptake by plants", "authors": [ "Li L.", "Luo Y.", "Peijnenburg W. J. G. M.", "Li R.", "Yang J.", "Zhou Q." ], "year": 2020, "journal_or_publisher": "MethodsX 7: 100750", "doi": "10.1016/j.mex.2019.11.023", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2019.11.023", "open_access": true, "systems": [ "soil" ], "topics": [ "plant uptake", "confocal microscopy", "polystyrene beads", "wheat" ], "evidence_hint": "B", "note": "Added 4 November 2026 by the soil-06 image hunt: methods companion of S-084 (Li et al. 2020, Nature Sustainability); source of the confocal micrograph bound as IMG-soil-06 (figure 1, panel K: wheat root, 0.2 um Nile-blue-labelled PS beads, 50 mg/L, Hoagland solution, 10 days). CC BY 4.0 per the publisher PDF (PMC6993004) and Europe PMC XML. Audit: docs/audits/hunt-soil-06.md.", "verified_doi": true, "verified": "2026-11-04", "verified_via": "PMC open-access PDF and Europe PMC XML read by the hunter; Crossref metadata agrees" } ]